Timeline of Technology and Applications
Click on the dates for details or go directly to the History Page
A list of Scientists and Inventors in alphabetical order is available on the Hall of Fame page.
See also the Timeline of the Discovery of the Elements
and Timeline of Quantum Theory and Particle Physics
Note The dates of some events are grouped together to make it easier to follow a theme. The dates indicate where to find the event in the text. There you will find the date when the event actually happened if it is different.
Circa 3000 B.C. Mesopotamians - (Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians) - Bronze Age - Weapons and Tools, Cuneiform Writing, Wheel and Axle, Potter's Wheel, Mathematical Numbering Systems, Calendar with Leap Years, Glass
Egyptians - Hieroglyphic Scripts, Papyrus Scrolls
Chinese and Harappans (Pakistan) - Civil works, Metallurgy
2500 B.C. Egyptians, Imhotep - Soldering, Wire Drawing, Architecture, Medicine
2300 B.C. Egyptians - Stencilling
2100-1600 B.C. Chinese - Bronze Artifacts
2000 B.C. Hittites - Wrought Iron
1300 B.C. Egyptians - Wire Making, Fibreglass
1280 B.C. Moses - Ark of the Covenant
800 B.C. Greeks - Lodestone, Magnets
600 B.C. Thales - Static Electricity, Geometry, Surveying, Scientific Method
530 B.C. Pythagoras - Mathematics, Divine Proportion, Number Theory
500 B.C. Chinese - Cast Iron
460 B.C. Democritus - Atomic Theory
350 B.C. Aristotle - Rational Deduction
332 B.C. Alexander the Great, Ptolemy I Soter, Ptolemy II Philadelphus - Library of Alexandria, University
300 B.C. Euclid - Geometry, Mathematical Proofs
269 B.C. Archimedes - Theory of Machines, Military Machines, Water Pump, Worm Gear, Compound Pulley, Calculation of π, Areas and Volumes, Limits
250 B.C. Mesopotamia - Baghdad Battery
240 B.C. Eratosthenes - Calculation of the Size of the Earth, Geography, Prime Numbers Sieve
220-206 B.C. Qin Dynasty - Magnetic Compass
206 B.C.-220 A.D. Han Dynasty - Petroleum Extraction
140-87 B.C. Han Dynasty, Cai Lun - Paper
27 B.C.- 5th Century A.D. The Romans - Roman Science
15 B.C. Vitruvius - De Architectura: The Ten Books on Architecture, Odometer
50 A.D. Romans - Aqueducts and Bridges
60 A.D. Hero - Steam Reaction Turbine, Square Roots
150 A.D. Ptolemy - Geocentric Universe, Almagest, Geographia, Map Making
200 Galen - Anatomy, Medical Research, Magnets and Medicine
400 Hypatia - Hydrometer, Astrolabe
426 St Augustine - Magnets and Miracles
619 Romans - Tidal Power
645 Xuan Zhuang - Silk Screen Printing
700-1100 Islamic Science - Rise and Fall, Scientific Revolution
776 Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber) - Chemistry, Experimental Methods
830 Al-Khawarizmi - Algebra, Algorithms, Trigonometry, Concept of Zero
850 China, Tseng Kung-Liang - Gun Powder, Rockets
920 Al-Razi (Rhazes) - Chemistry, Book of Secrets
1040 Wu Ching Tsung Yao - Thermoremanent Magnetisation
1041 Pi Sheng - Printing Press
1086 Shen Kuo - Compass Navigation
1190 Neckam - Magnetic Compass
1250 St Thomas Aquinas - Rational Thought
1269 Petrus Peregrinus - Magnetic Poles
1285 Richard of Walligford - Mechanical Clock, Verge and Foliot Escapement
1350 Europe - Blast Furnaces
1368 China - Ming Dynasty, Decline of Chinese Science and Technology
1450 Gutenberg - Printing Press
1474 Republic of Venice - Patent Law
1478 Leonardo da Vinci - Flight Studies, Military Machines, Anatomy, Solar Heating
1492 Christopher Columbus - Discovery of the New World
1499 King Henry VI, John of Utynam - The First Patent
1500 to 1700 The Scientific Revolution and The Age of Reason
1514 Copernicus - Heliocentric Universe
1533 Frisius - Surveying Using Triangulation, Determining Longitude Using a Clock
1543 Vesalius - Human Anatomy
1551 Al-Din - Steam Impulse Turbine
1576 Brahe - Astronomical Observations
1593 Galileo, Santorio - Water/Air Thermometer
1595 Burgi - Remontoire - Constant Force Clock Escapement
1600 Gilbert - Electric and Magnetic Forces, Experimental Method
1601 Nussbaum, Ellyot, Meysey - Cementation Process, Blister Steel
1603 Cascariolo - Phosphorescence
1605 Bacon - Scientific Method, Five Bit Binary Code
1608 Lippershey - Telescope
1609 Kepler - Laws of Planetary Motion
1610 Galileo - Jupiter's Moons, Heliocentric Universe, Gravity, Laws of Motion, Pendulums, Longitude
1614 Napier - Logarithms, Mechanical Calculator (Napier's Bones)
1620 Gunter - Logarithmic Scale Calculator
1621 Oughtred - Slide Rule
1628 Harvey - Circulation of the Blood
1629 Cabeo - Electric Repulsion
1636 Mersenne - Acoustic Theory, Speed of Sound Newton - Sound Wave Theory d'Alembert - The Wave Equation
1642 Pascal - Mechanical Calculator, Hydraulic Press, Vacuum, Mathematical Theory of Probabilities
1643 Torricelli - Barometer
1644 Descartes - Cartesian Geometry, Consevation of Momentum, Mathematical Basis of Science
1646 Browne - Named "Electricity"
1651 Glauber - Pressure Release Valve
1654 Ferdinand II - Sealed Alcohol Thermometer
1656 Huygens - Pendulum Theory, Pendulum Clock, Distance to the Stars
1658 Ussher - Age of the Earth
1660 Towneley, Power - Gas Law Royal Society Founded
1661 Huygens - Manometer Boyle - Elements
1662 Boyle - Gas Law
1663 von Guericke - Electric Generator, Piston Vacuum Pump, Magdeburg Hemispheres
1665 Boyle - Hydrometer Hooke - Microsccope, Micrographia
1666 Colbert - French Academy of Sciences Founded
1668 van Leeuwenhoek - Microscopes, Microbiology
Gregory, Barrow - Calculus Theory
Gregory, Taylor, Maclaurin - Transcendental Functions, Mathematical Expansions and Approximations
1673 Leibniz - Calculus, Binary Arithmetic, 4 Function Mechanical Calculator
1675 Boyle - Electric Force Transmission
1676 Hooke - Hooke's Law for Springs, Time Stamping, Anchor Escapement Clock Mechanism.
1681 Papin - Safety Valve, Pressure Cooker, Steam Engine, Power Piston
1687 Newton - Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Calculus, Laws of Motion, Gravity, Planetary Motions, Motion of Tides, Optical Prism, Spectrum of White Light, Reflecting Telescope, Cat-flap
1698 Savery - Steam Driven Water Pump
1700 Leibniz - German Academy of Sciences Founded
1701 Jethro Tull - Seed Drill, Mechanised Farming
1705 Hauksbee - Electroluminescent Glow Discharge Lamp
1709 Abraham Darby I - Iron Making at Coalbrookdale
1707 Papin, Leibniz - Steam Driven Water Pump
1712 Newcomen - Reciprocating Atmospheric Steam Engine
1713 Réaumur - Fibreglass, Thermometer, Temperature Scale
1714 Fahrenheit - Mercury Thermometer, Temperature Scale
Harrison - Longitude, Marine Chronometer, Bimetallic Strip Thermostat, Clock and Watch Regulator Mechanisms
1725 Bouchon - Stored Program, Punched Paper Tape, Machine Automation
1728 Falcon - Punched Cards, Manufacturing Automation
1729 Gray - Electric Conduction
1730 Bird, Godfrey, Hadley, Newton - Octant, Sextant
1733 du Fay - Positive and Negative Charges Kay - Flying Shuttle de Moivre - Bell Curve (Normal Distribution)
1738 Bernoulli - Fluid Mechanics
1740 Huntsman - Crucible Steel at Sheffield
1744 de Vaucanson - Stored Program, Punched Cards, Machine Automation
1745 van Musschenbroek, Cunaeus, von Kleist - Leyden Jar
1746 Nollet - Electric Communications Robins - Whirling Arm Apparatus, Aerodynamic Drag
1747 Cavendish - Electric Potential, Electric Charge, Inverse Square Law Watson - Earth Return
1748 Watson - Glow Discharge, Fluorescent Light Nollet - Electroscope Euler - Mathematical Constant e, Euler's Trigonometrical Formulae, Turbine Equations Smeaton, da Borda, Burdin, Fourneyron, Boyden, Thomson, Francis, Girard, Pelton, Kaplan - Hydraulic Power, Water Turbines
1750 to 1850 The Industrial Revolution
1750 Nollet - Electrostatic Spraying Michell - Magnetic Induction, Inverse Square Law
1752 Dalibard - Lightning Experiments Franklin - Electrical Experiments Sulzer - Battery Tongue Test Mayer - Longitude Determination by Sextant, Lunar Distance Tables
1753 Morrison - Telegraph
1757 Adanson, Walsh - Electric Fish, Electric Shocks
1759 Aepinus - Mathematics of Electricity and Magnetism, Variable Capacitor Smeaton - Aerodynamic Lift Equation, Society of Civil Engineers
1761 Black - Latent Heat Brindley - Bridgewater canal, Harecastle Tunnel
1764 Kay, Hargreaves, Highs, Arkwright - Spinning Jenny Arkwright - Factory System (Textiles)
1765 Boulton - Factory System (Metalworking) Lunar Society of Birmingham Founded
1766 de Saussure - Electrometer Cavendish - Hydrogen
1767 Priestley - History of Electricity, Oxygen
1769 Watt - Steam Engine with Separate Condenser, Centrifugal Governor (Automatic Control System)
1770 Cugnot - Self Propelled Road Vehicle, Rotary Drive, Freewheel Mechanism
1771 Arkwright - Machine Powered Factory Scheele - Oxygen, Chlorine, Light Sensitive Silver Salts (Basis of Photographic Process)
1774 LeSage - Electric Telegraph
1775 Volta - Perpetual Electrophorus Wilkinson - Precision Machine Tools Ketley - Building Societies
1779 Abraham Darby III - Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale
Crompton - Spinning Mule
1780 Pickard - Rotary Motion by Means of Flywheel and Crank
1782 Laplace - Integral Transform, Probability Theory
1783 Cort - Rolling Mill, Reverbatory Furnace, Puddling to Make Steel
1784 Cavendish - Chemical Composition of Water Mesmer - Animal Magnetism
1785 Coulomb - Inverse Square Law
1786 Galvani - Animal Electricity
1787 Charles, Gay Lussac - Gas Laws Fitch - Steam Powered Boat
1789 Lavoisier - Conservation of Mass, Elements
1790 Jefferson - Patent Laws Hopkins - First US Patent
1791 Richter - Stoichiometry, Law of Definite Proportions Barber - Gas Turbine Engine, Water Jet Propulsion
1792 Murdoch - Coal Gas
1794 Whitney - Cotton Gin
1795 Bramah - Hydraulic Press, Unpickable Lock
1797 von Humboldt - Galvanic Electricity Maudslay - Precision Machine Tools, Screw-Cutting Lathe, Surface Plates, Engineers Blue, Micrometer Whitworth - Firearms, Rifling
1798 Whitney - Interchangeable Components, Milling Machine
1799 Rumford - Equivalence of Thermal Energy and Mechanical Work, Founded the Royal Institution Cayley - Theory of Aeronautics, Manned Gliders, Artillery Shells, Caterpillar Tracks, Prosthetic Hand, Hot Air Engine, Automatic Brakes, Railway Signalling, Fire and Railway Safety Systems Lukin, Wouldhave - Self-righting Lifeboat
1800 Volta - Battery Nicholson, Carlisle - Electrolysis Herschel - Infrared Radiation
1801 Ritter - Ultra Violet Radiation Jacquard - Stored Program, Programmed Machine Control Gautherot - Rechargeable Battery
1802 Cruikshank - Electrodeposition, Electroplating Wollaston - Optical Polarisation, Wollaston Prism
1803 Ritter - Rechargeable Battery Dalton - Atomic Theory, Gas Laws
1804 Salvá - Electric Telegraph Trevithick - Steam Powered Road Vehicle
1805 Brugnatelli - Electroplating
1807 Young - Modulus of Elasticity, Wave Theory of Light Davy - Isolation of Elements by Electrolysis Fulton - Steam Boat Fourier - Heat Transfer, Fourier Transform Gauss - Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
1808 Berzelius - Law of Definite Proportions, Chemical Notation, Atomic Masses Marc Isambard Brunel - Mass Production
1809 Davy - Carbon Arc Lamp
1810
1811 Avogadro - Molecular Weights Hypothesis (Avogadro's Law)
1812 von Sömmering - Electric Telegraph Zamboni - High Voltage "Dry" Battery, Electric Clock
1814 Fraunhofer - Fraunhofer Lines, Light Spectrum Analysis
1805 Brugnatelli - Electroplating
1816 Ronalds - Electric Telegraph Wollaston - Reserve Battery Stirling - Stirling "Hot Air" Engine, Regenerator
1819 Dulong, Petit - Specific Heat Capacity Law Rogers - Steamship Atlantic Crossing
1820 Øersted - Magnetism and Electricity Ampère - Magnetic Forces, Electric Potential Biot, Savart - Magnetic Fields Schweigger - Galvanometer Arago - Electromagnet Hare - Spiral Wound Electrodes
1821 Seebeck - Thermoelectric Effect Faraday - Electric Motor
1822 Barlow - Electric Motor Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Railways, Iron Ships
1823 Döbereiner - Catalysis
1824 Berzelius - Silicon Isolated Carnot - Heat Engine Theory, Second Law of Thermodynamics
1825 Ampère - Magnetic Field Theory Sturgeon - Electromagnet Stephenson - Railways Marc Isambard Brunel, Lord Cochrane - Tunneling Shield, Thames Tunnel
1826 Nobili, Melloni - Astatic Galvanometer, Thermoelectric Battery Poggendorff - Mirror Galvanometer Krupp - Cast Steel, Steel Cannons, Weldless Steel Railway Tyre, Artillery Shells, Employee Social Benefits
1827 Ohm - Ohm's Law Brown - Brownian Motion
1828 Berzelius - Atomic Weights Wöhler - Organic Chemistry Green - Mathematical Analysis of Electricity and Magnetism Dutrochet - Osmosis Jedlik - Electric Motor, Commutator, Self Excited Dynamo Neilson - Hot Blast Furnace
1829 Nobili, Melloni - Thermopile Radiant Heat Measurement Becquerel - Constant Current Cell
1830 Ure - Bi-metal Thermostat
Henry - Electromagnetic Induction
1831 Faraday - Solenoid, Induction Coil, Transformer, Dynamo, Homopolar Machine Henry - Electric Telegraph Henry - Relay
1832 Schilling - Electric Telegraph Pixii - Magneto, Direct Current Dynamo
1833 Faraday - Laws of Electrolysis Christie - Wheatstone Bridge Weber, Gauss - Magnetic Fields, Electric Telegraph Lenz - Induced Current Law Graham - Diffusion Law
Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Gaz Engine Ericsson - Hot Air Engine, Ericsson Cycle, Screw Propeller, USS Monitor
1834 Peltier - Thermo-cooling Effect Clapeyron - Heat Engine Theory, Thermodynamics
1835 Gauss - Electric Field Theory, Normal Probability Distribution Morse - Electric Telegraph, Morse Code Lindsay - Electric Arc Welding, Electric Lamp
1836 Daniell - Battery, Non-Polarising Cell Berzelius - Catalysts Paris - Electric Light Installation
Dubus-Bonnel - Woven Fibreglass Callan - Induction Coil, Maynooth Battery
1837 Faraday - Capacitor Theory Davenport - Electric Motor Cooke, Wheatstone - Electric Telegraph Ettrick, Henley - Insulated Electrical Wire McGauley, Page - Interrupter, Self-Acting Circuit Breaker
1838 Davidson - Switched Reluctance DC Motor, Electric Locomotive Steinheil - Earth(Ground) Return Single Wire Signalling
1839 Steinheil - Electric Clock Grove - Fuel Cell Faraday - Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator Jacobi - Power Transfer Theorem, Load Matching, Electric Boat, Electroplating, Electroforming Becquerel - Photovoltaic Effect Simon - Polystyrene
1840 Joule - Electric Heating (Joule's) Law, First Law of Thermodynamics
Elkingtons - Electroplating
Newall - Cable Making Airy - Feedback, Closed Loop Systems Armstrong - Hydro-Electric Generator
1841 Bunsen - Carbon Zinc Cell, Spectroscopy Bain - Electric Clock, Earth Battery
1842 Doppler - Doppler Effect
1843 Bain - Image Scanning, Fax Machine, Punched Paper Tape, Telegraph Improvements Ada Lovelace, Babbage - Computer Programming, Stored Program, Binary Numbers, Analytical Engine
Wheatstone - Rheostat
Hancock, Goodyear - Vulcanisation of Rubber du Bois Reymond - Electrophysiology, Nerve Impulses
1845 Faraday - Magneto-Optic Effect Kirchhoff Bunsen - Network Theory, Speed of Light, Spectroscopy, Composition of the Sun and Stars
Armstrong - Hydraulic Machinery, Armaments, Guns, Rifling, Explosive Shells, Hydroelectric Scheme
1846 Smithson - Smithsonian Institution Faraday - Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism Semyonov - Oil Wells, Petroleum Industry
1847 Brunel - Atmospheric Railway
1848 Kelvin - Absolute Temperature
1849 Lincoln, President Abraham - Inflatable Bouyancy Chamber (US Patent 6469)
Fizeau - Speed of Light, Red Shift Bourdon - Pressure Gauge
1850 Clausius - Mechanical Theory of Heat Mirand - Trembling Electric Bell
1851 Kelvin - Second Law of Thermodynamics Ruhmkorff - High Voltage Induction Coil Foucault - Foucault's Pedulum, Rotation of the Earth, Gyroscopes Singer - Sewing Machine, Hire Purchase Agreements
Whitworth - British Standard Screw Threads (BSW), Bench Micrometer, Whitworth Rifle, Polygonal Rifling, Interchangeable Parts, Twist Drill
1852 Frankland - Chemical Bonds, Valency
Joule, Thomson - Gas Laws, Vapour Compression Refrigeration Channing, Farmer - Automatic Fire Alarm System, Diplex Telegraphy
1853 Pope - Electric Burglar Alarm Gintl - Duplex Telegraphy Rankine - Potential Energy Kelvin - RLC Circuit Theory
1854 Bourseul - Electrical Transmission of Sound Geissler - Vacuum Tubes, Fluorescent Light Boole - Boolean Logic Tyndall - Light Pipe, Fibre Optics Stenhouse - Gas Mask Barsanti, Matteucci - Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine
1855 Parkes - Plastic, Celluloid Bessemer - Bessemer Converter, Steel Making, Ormolu
1856 Muchet Bessemer Process, Tungsten Steel, Steel Rails
Kelvin - Dynamic Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, Strain Gauge
1857 Kelvin - MagnetoResistance
Wheatstone - Punched Paper Tape
1858 Field, Whitehouse, Kelvin, Wimshurst, Brunel - Transatlantic Telegraph Cable, Mirror Galvanometer
Plücker, Hittorf - Cathode Rays, Fluorescent Lights Couper, Kekulé - Organic Chemistry, Linking Carbon Atoms Holmes - Electric Burglar Alarm Cannizzaro - Atomic and Molecular Weights
1859 Rankine - Thermodynamic Cycles Carré - Gas Absorption Refrigeration Darwin - The Origin of Species, Theory of Evolution
1860 Russell, Waddell and Majors - US Pony Express Lenoir - Internal Combustion Engine, Spark Ignition, Lenoir Cycle Reithmann - Four Stroke Engine Planté - Lead Acid Rechargeable Battery Mouchout - Solar Powered Motor Maxwell - Primary Colours, Colour Photography
1861 Reis - Telephone Meucci - Telephone Beau de Rochas - Four Stroke Engine
1862 Otto - Spark Ignition Four Stroke Engine, Otto Cycle
1863 Alkali Works Act - Environmental Legislation Davis - Pilot Plants, Safety Practices Jedlik - Multiplying Capacitor Battery (High Voltage Generator) Sorby - Metallography, Metallurgy
1864 Maxwell - Electromagnetic Waves Elkington - Electrolytic Refining
1865 Clausius - Entropy ITU - International Telecommunications Union Established Siemens, Martin - Open Hearth Steel Production
1866 Varley, Siemens, Wheatstone, Hjorth, Jedlik - Dynamo, Electromagnetic Armature
1867 Siemens - Reversibility of Dynamo Kelvin - Water Powered Electrostatic Generator Nobel - Dynamite, Gelignite, Nitroglycerine, Detonators, Nobel Prizes Scholes, Glidden, Soule - Typewriter
1868 Leclanché - Zinc Carbon Wet Cell Maxwell - Feedback Control Systems Farcot - Servomechanisms
1869 Hittorf - Ion Migration, Transport Number
Meyer, Mendeleyef - Periodic Table of Elements Berges - Hydropower, "White Coal" Tyndall - Explanation of Blue Sky
1870 Hyatt - Plastic, Celluloid Player - Fibreglass
1870's Boltzmann - Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamic Entropy
1871 Weber - Atomic Structure, Current Flow Steiner - Electric Shock Treatment Tyndall - Fireman's Respirator, Gas Mask
1872 Baumann - PVC, Polyvinyl Chloride Loomis - Radio Clark - Standard Cell Stearns - Duplex Telegraphy
1872 Brayton - Continuous Combustion Engine, Brayton (Thermodynamic) Cycle
1873 Maxwell - Electromagnetic Radiation Theory, Maxwell's Equations Gramme, Fontaine - Commutators, DC Machines, Electrical Power Transmission
Davidson - Electric Vehicle
May, Smith - Photoconductivity van der Waals - Gas Laws, Intermolecular Forces
1874 Clamond - Thermo-electric Battery Edison - Quadruplex Telegraph Baudot - Digital Encoding, Multiplexer Braun - Crystal Rectifier Stoney - Electron Salomons - Electric Car
1875 Rowland - Current and Charge Flow
1876 Bell, Gray - Telephone Thomas - "Basic" Bessemer Process
1877 Hughes, Edison, Berliner, Hunnings, Blake - Carbon Microphone Adams, Day - Photo-electric Effect Siemens - Loudspeaker
1878 Gramme, Fontaine - Electric Alternator Gibbs - Chemical Thermodynamics, Free Energy Concept, Vector Analysis Niaudet - Battery Industry Growth, 100 Battery Types, Recycling Redmond - Television de Paiva - Electric Telescope Langley - Bolometer Swan - Incandescent Electric Light Schuckert - Electrical Power Generation by Steam Armstrong - Hydro-Electric Power Generation de Laval - Impulse Steam Turbine
1879 Edison, Swan and Others - Incandescent Electric Light
Hall - Magnetic Field Strength Sensors
Crookes - Cathode Ray Tube, Radiometer Siemens Halske - Electric Railway Stefan - Black Body Radiation Hughes - Induction Balance, Metal Detector, Radio Waves, Electromagnetic Radiation
1880 Curie - Piezo-electricity
Fauré - Lead Acid Battery Formation, Pasted Plates
Hammesfahr - Fibreglass Cloth
1881 Thiebaut - Leclanché Cell Improvements Burr, Scott - Flashlight (Torch)
Touvé - Electric Car International Electric Congress - Electrical Units, Volt, Ohm, Ampere Taylor - Time and Motion Study, Scientific Management Smith, Phelps, Edison, Woods - Induction Telegraph, Mobile Communications
1882 d'Arsonval - Moving Coil Galvanometer Tesla - Rotating Field Principle, 2 Phase Induction Motor Lalande, Chaperon - Rechargeable Alkaline Cells Wimshurst - Electrostatic Generator Ayrton, Perry - Electric Tricycle, Electric Lights Wheeler, Seely - Domestic Electrical Appliances Edison - DC Electricity Generating Station Elmer - Hydraulic Turbine Hammer - Thermionic Emission Hopkinson - Three Wire DC Electricity Generation and Distribution, DC Load Balancing, AC Generator Synchronisation
1883 Edison - Electric Fuse Fritts - Photo-voltaic Module FitzGerald - Radio Waves
1884 Heaviside - Coaxial Cable, Vector Calculus, Distortionless Transmission Lines, Heaviside-Kennelly Layer Parsons - Steam Turbines Renard - Zinc Chlorine Flow Battery Arrhenius - Galvanic Conductivity in Electrolytes, Ion Dissociation, Chemical Reaction Rates, Greenhouse Effect Le Chatelier - Chemical Equilibrium Nipkow - Television System, Image Raster Scanning
1885 Goldstein - Canal Rays Ferraris - Induction Motor, Rotating Magnetic Field, Alternator Benardos, Olszewski - Electric Arc Welder Bláthy, Déri, Zipernowsky - High Voltage AC Distribution System, Transformer, AC WattHour Meter Benz - Automobile
1886 Stanley - Transformer Gassner - Carbon Zinc Dry Cell Hall, Héroult - Electrolytic Extraction of Aluminium Akroyd-Stuart - Compression Ignition Engine
1887 Kelvin - Electrostatic Voltmeter Michelson and Morley - Speed of Light, Luminiferous Aether Arrhenius - Chemical Reaction Rates Thomson - Electric Resistance Welding Tesla - Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators, AC Distribution System Southwick - Execution by Electric Chair Ferranti - AC Distribution System, AC Electricity Generating Station, Induction Heating Waller - Electrocardiogram Boys - Fibreglass Hertz - Photoelectric Effect
1888 Hertz - Radio Waves Hallwachs - Photoelectric Effect Peral, Zede, Drzewiecki - Electric Submarines Reinitzer - Liquid Crystal Effect Strowger - Automatic Telephone Exchange Hayes - Telephone Exchange Central Battery Power
1889 Thomson - Recording Wattmeter
Dobrovolski - Squirrel Cage Induction Motor, Three Phase Electricity Transmission Westinghouse - Hydroelectric AC Generating and Distribution System Nernst - Galvanic Cell Theory, Enthalpy, Third Law of Thermodynamics
1890 Ewing - Hysteresis Tesla - High Frequency Multi-pole Rotary Generator
1891 Steinmetz - Hysteresis Law, AC Circuit Analysis, Phasors Ward Leonard - Variable Speed Control Wenström - Three Phase Electrical Power Systems Hertz, Lenard - Cathode Rays Branly - Coherer (Radio Wave Detector) Varley - Lightning Bridge Lilienthal - Hang Gliders, Theories of Flight
1892 Weston - Standard Cell, Electric Instruments Stubblefield - Ground Battery, Radio Lorentz - Electrodynamics, Electromagnetic Fields, Electromagnetic Forces
1893 Elster, Geitel - Photocell Westinghouse - End of the Current Wars Chanute - Progress in Flying Machines Diesel - Compression Ignition Engine, Diesel Cycle
1894 Lodge, Muirhead - Radio Signal Transmission
1895 Röntgen - X-ray Effect Curie - Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Curie Point Popov - Radio Waves, Antennas
1896 Marconi - Radio Telegraphy Jacques - Carbon Battery Becquerel - Radioactivity, Beta Decay Misell - Flashlight (Torch), D Cells Dowsing - Automobile Self-Starter, Integrated Starter Generator Langley - Aeronautical Theory
1897 Thomson - Electron Zeeman - Zeeman Effect Stark - Stark Effect Braun - Oscilloscope Darraq - Regenerative Braking
Tsiolkovsky - Theory of Rocket Motion, Multi-Stage Rockets, Regenerative Cooling
Peukert - Available Battery Capacity
1898 Poulsen - Magnetic Recording and Playback Apparatus
Wien - Proton Lodge - Radio Tuning Curie - Radioactivity, Radium
1899 Duell - Patents Rutherford, Soddy - Alpha Rays, Beta Rays, Beta Decay Villard - Gamma Rays Jungner - Nickel Cadmium Rechargeable Cells Jénatzy - Electric Vehicle, Land Speed Record Porsche - Hybrid Electric Vehicle Pupin - Inductive Loading Coils
1900 Edison - Nickel Iron Battery
Planck - Quantum Theory - See Quantum Timeline Drude - Electrical Conduction Pieper - Hybrid Electric Vehicle Holland - Dual Propulsion Submarine
1901 Michaelowski - Nickel Zinc Battery
1902 Hewitt - Mercury Arc Rectifier USA - Electricity Market Penetration
1903 Einthoven - Electrocardiograph Wright Brothers - Powered flight Soddy, Rutherford - Radioactivity, Spontaneous Atomic Disintegration Hanson - Flexible Printed Circuits Krieger - Hybrid Electric Vehicle Tswett - Chromatography Murray - Teleprinter
1904 Fleming - Diode Rectifier, Potentiometer Hülsmeyer - Radar Hubbell - Mains Plug and Socket Conti - Geothermal Power Plant
1905 Einstein - Quantum Theory, Avogadro's Number, Brownian Motion, Speed of Light, E = mc2, Relativity - See also Quantum Timeline
Bose - Boson - See Quantum Timeline Tafel - Battery Theory Piper - Hybrid Electric Vehicle Riker, Ford - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Langévin - Magnetism, Magnetic Properties
1906 Fessenden - Broadcast Radio, Amplitude Modulation (AM) Alexanderson - High Frequency Multi-pole Rotary Generator Pickard, Dunwoody - Crystal Detector, Cat's Whisker
1907 Baekeland - Thermosetting Plastic de Forest - Triode Round - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Weiss - Magnetic Domains, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism Simon - Silk Screen Printing Héroult - Electric Arc Furnace
1908 Voith - Pumped Storage Brandenberger - Cellophane
1909 Sørensen - pH Acidity/Alkalinity Measure Haber, Bosch - Haber Process, Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonia, Chemical Warfare Ostwald - Ostwald Process, Nitric Acid Production Beautey - Hermetically Sealed Wet Battery
1910 Millikan - Electron Charge Wulf, Hess - Cosmic Rays, Cosmic Radiatiion Coolidge - Tungsten Filament Light Bulb Claude - Neon Lights
1911 Onnes, Holst - Superconductivity
Rutherford - Atomic Structure Campbell Swinton - Electronic Television
1912 Thomson, Soddy - Isotopes, Mass Spectromete Haynes, Brierley, Strauss, Maurer - Stainless Steel Sauveur - Metallography, Metallurgy, Heat Treatment Kettering - Automobile Electric Starter Bragg - X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Crystallography von Laue - X-ray Theory
Wilson - Cloud Chamber Armstrong - Regenerative Radio Receiver, Positive Feedback Sarnoff - Monitoring Titanic SOS Signals Leavitt - Cepheid Star Period-Luminosity Relation, Standard Candles Russell - Philosophy
1913 Bohr - Quantum Mechanics, Atomic Structure Moseley - Atomic Number, Periodic Table Berry, Littlefield, Bassist - Printed Circuits Ford - Moving Conveyor Line, Paced Assembly Line
1914 Millikan - Planck's Constant Determination Slipher - Red Shifted Galaxies
1915 Benedicks - Germanium Crystal Rectifier Willard - Automotive SLI Batteries Fery - Air Depolarising, Zinc-Air Battery Colpitts - Push-Pull Amplifier Hartley, Colpitts - Variable Frequency Oscillators Carson - Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation, Frequency Division Multiplexing Shapley - Stellar Distance Estimation, Cosmic Dimensions Nöther - Symmetry, Conservation Laws Weyl - Gauge Theory, Invariance
1916 Lewis - Chemical Bonding, Ionic Bonding Sommerfeld - Atomic Structure, Quantum States - See Quantum Timeline Kondratyuk - Interplanetary Space Travel Northrup - High Frequency Induction Heating Czochralski - Single Crystal Growth
1917 Campbell, Wagner - Passive Electric Wave Filters Rutherford - Splits Atom, Proton Vernam - Unbreakable Encrytion Method
1918 Armstrong, Schottky - Superheterodyne Radio Tuner
Scherbius, Koch - Enigma Encryption Rejewski, Rózyki, Zygalski, Turing, Welchman - Code Breaking
Welchman - Data Traffic Analysis, Data Mining Schoop - Printed Circuits
1919 Eccles, Jordan - Flip Flop Eguchi - Electrets Schottky - Tetrode Valve Nicholson - Crystal Oscillator
1920 KDKA - First Commercial Radio Broadcasts Aston - Nuclear Mass Defect, Binding Energy Eddington - Sun's Energy Source Hull - Magnetron
1921 UK - Electricity Market Penetration Cady - Crystal Controlled Oscillator Midgley - Anti-knock Fuel (Tetraethyl Lead), Refrigerants (Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs))
1920's Diesel Electric Locomotives, Electric Drives
1922 BBC - Public Radio Broadcasting Losev - Light Emitting Diode (LED), Solid State Amplifier, Negative Resistance Amplifier Minorsky - Feedback Control Systems, PID (3 Term) Controller Staudinger, Simon - Theory of Polymers, Polystyrene von Platen, Munters - Gas Absorption Refrigerator
Einstein, Szilard - Refrigerator
1923 Marconi Company - Hearing Aid Dodge, Romig - Sampling Inspection Tables, AOQL Brønsted, Lowry, Lewis - Acids and Bases Pierce - "Pierce" Crystal Controlled Oscillator
1924 Berger - Encephalograph de Broglie - Wave Particle Duality - See Quantum Timeline Rice, Kellogg - Moving Coil Loudspeaker Schottky, Gerlach - Ribbon Microphone Appleton - Ionosphere, Appleton Layer, Radar Kapitza - Bipolar Battery, Suprfluidity, Cryogenics Kapitza, Bernal - Zone Refining
1925 Maxfield, Harrison - Electrical Sound Recording Bush - Analogue Computer Pauli - Exclusion Principle, Electron Spin, Neutrino - See Quantum Timeline
Fermi - Weak Nuclear Force, Beta Decay, Neutrino - See Quantum Timeline Higgs, Englert, Brout - Higgs Field, Higgs Boson - See Quantum Timeline Heisenberg - Quantum Theory, Matrix Mechanics - See Quantum Timeline Ducas - Printed Circuits
1926 Parolini, Edison - Printed Circuits Semon - PVC, Plasticisers Eckert, Ziegler - Injection Moulding Machine Schrödinger - Quantum Wave Mechanics, Wave Equation - See Quantum Timeline Born - Quantum State Probability - See Quantum Timeline Lilienfeld - Field Effect Transistor
Goddard - Liquid Fuelled Rockets, 3 Axis Flight Controls Loomis - Tuxedo Park Laboratory, MIT Radiation Laboratory Ridenour - MIT Radiation Lab Series Publications
1927 Heisenberg - Uncertainty Principle - See Quantum Timeline Thomson, Davisson - Wave Nature of the Electron Hund - Quantum Tunneling USA - Battery Costs Chauvin Arnoux - Multimeter Black - Feedback Control Theory, Distortion Control Seymour - Flexible Printed Circuits Farnsworth - All Electronic Television System Marrison, Horton - Quartz Clock, Crystal Controlled Oscillator Haldane - Heat Pump
1928 Dirac - Electron Magnetic Spin Properties, Anti-particles, Quantum Electrodynamics, QED, Positron - See Quantum Timeline
Feynman, Schwinger, Tomonage - Quantum Electrodynamics, QED, Feynman Diagrams - See Quantum Timeline Hartley - Signal Information Content, Information Transmission Rates Nyquist - Communications, Sampling Theory Johnson - Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise) Potocnik - Geostationary Satellites Raman - Raman Scattering
1929 Zworykin - Television Picture Tube Hubble - Big Bang, Expanding Universe, Hubble's Law
1930 Butler, Volmer - Battery Kinetic Electrochemistry
Gusseff, Lazarenko - Electro-chemical Machining, Electro-discharge Machining Lilienfeld - Electrolytic Capacitors Whittle - Jet Engine
1931 Carothers - Neoprene, Nylon Fischar - Metal Detector Drumm - Traction Battery de Bellescise - Phase Locked Loop (PLL), Radio Tuning Circuits, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) Blumlein - Stereo Sound
1932 Knoll, Ruska - Transmission Electron Microscope Bacon - Alkaline Fuel Cell Cockcroft, Walton - Proton Accelerator, Split the Atom, E = mc2 Verification Lawrence - Cyclotron Particle Accelerator Chadwick - Isolates the Neutron
Heisenberg - Wigner - Strong Nuclear Force, Isospin - See Quantum Timeline Szilard - Chain Reaction, Critical Mass, Atom Bomb Anderson - Positron, Elementary Particles - See Quantum Timeline Tamm - Phonons Heise, Schumacher - Zinc Air Battery Schlecht, Ackermann - Sintered Pole Plates Nyquist - Feedback Control Theory, Stability Control Kleist, Slayter - Fibreglass
1933 Dassler - Recombinant Batteries Meissner, Ochsenfeld - Superconductor Magnetic Properties First Injection Moulded Polystyrene Products Gibson, Fawcett - Polyethylene Armstrong- Frequency Modulation (FM)
Franz - Flexible Printed Circuits
1934 Fermi - Transmutaton of Elements
Sonneberg - Gelled Cell Lead Acid Batteries Chauvin Arnoux - Current Measuring Clamp
1935 Watson-Watt - Radar, IFF (Identification - Friend or Foe), RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Heil - Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor (IGFET), Klystron, Air Motion Transformer
Varian - Klystron (1937)
1930's Ampoule Batteries
1936 Ellis - Polyester Resin
1937 Shannon - Information Theory, Digital Technology, Boolean Logic Operations Reeves - Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Digital Circuits Dippy - Radio Navigation Sargrove - Printed Circuits
1938 Bode - Control System Stability Forrester, Everett - Real-Time Operating Systems, Parallel Processing, Ferrite Core Memory Gross - Walkie-Talkie, Mobile Radio Meitner, Hahn, Strassmann - Nuclear Fission, Splitting the Atom Olsen - Minicomputers Plunkett - PTFE UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Sola - Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Schottky - Schottky Diode, Semiconductor Theory Zuse - Programmable Digital Computer, High Level Language
1939 I.G. Farbenindustrie - Epoxy Resin, Composites Bethe - Explanation of Sun's Source of Energy UK - Electricity Market Penetration
1940 Randall, Boot - Cavity Magnetron Frisch, Peierls - Atomic Bomb Tizard - Technology Transfer UK-US Loomis, Pierce, Dippy - LORAN
1941 André - Silver Oxide Zinc Battery Ohl - P-N Junction, Semiconductors, Silicon Solar Cell
Adams - Water Activated Battery Ransburg - Electrostatic Paint Spraying Centralab - Thick Film Circuits
1942 Fermi - Nuclear Chain Reaction Coover - Superglue Hanford, Holmes - Polyurethane Hedy Lamarr, Antheil - Frequency Hopping Secure Communications, Spread Spectrum, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Kompfner - Travelling Wave Tube (TWT)
1943 Eisler - Printed Circuit Board
1944 German Army, Schmidt, Gosslau, Lüsser - V-1 Cruise Missile German Luftwaffe, Dornberger, von Braun - V-2 Ballistic Missile (Rocket) Ruben, Mallory - Mercuric Oxide Batteries Brenner, Riddel, Pessel - Electroless Plating
1945 Clarke - Geostationary Communications Satellites Ragazzini, Philbrick - Operational Amplifier, Analogue Circuits Bush - Memex (Hypertext) McMillan, Veksler - Synchrotron
1946 Bloch, Purcell - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spencer - Microwave Oven Philips - Ceramic Magnets
1947 Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley - Transistor Young, Ring - Cellular Communications Neumann - Battery Seals Piezoelectric Ceramic Gramophone Needle Gabor - Holography Parsons - Numerically Controlled Machine Tools Miller - Combustion Engine Efficiency Improvements Yeager, Woods, Stack, Diehl, Kotchner - Supersonic Aircraft Libby - Radiocarbon Dating
1948 Bell Labs - Transistor Announcement Mataré, Welker - Transistron, The French Transistor Teal, Little - Single Crystal Growth Teal, Sparks - Grown Junction Transistor Teal, Buehler - Silicon Crystal Growth, Silicon Diodes Shannon - Mathematical Theory of Communications, Information Entropy, Sampling Theory, Channel Capacity Tradeoffs Motor, Magnetic Levitation, Maglev Trains Durrer - Basic Oxygen Steel Making
1949 Woodland, Silver - Bar Code System Forrester - Magnetic Core Random Access Memory (RAM) Danko, Abramson - Dip Soldering
1950 Shockley - Electrons and Holes Shockley - Four Layer Diode, Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Nishizawa - PIN Diode Oerlikon - Flywheel Battery Dreyer - LCD Polarisers Deming - Total Quality Management, TQM Martin - Gas Chromatography
1951 Wilkes, Wheeler & Gill - Assembly Language Programming Hopper - Compiler Saby - Alloy Junction Transistor Thornton - Transistor Jet Etching Technique, Surface Barrier Transistor Ford - Automatic Assembly, Production Automation Ohmart - Nuclear Batteries, Direct Energy Conversion Nuclear Power Plants Sakharov, Tamm - Tokamak, Thermonuclear Fusion
1952 Lip - Electric Watch Transistor Production Pfann - Zone Refining Theuerer - Float Zone Refining Zener - Zener Diode Fuller - Semiconductor Diffusion Doping Welker - Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Fukui - Molecular Orbitals Dummer - Integrated Circuit Oatley - Scanning Electron Microscope Eccles, Hodgkin, Huxley - Nerve Impulse Transmission
1953 Microtone, Maico, Unex, Radioear - Transistor Hearing Aid with Button Cell Mataré, Welker - Transistor Radio Kay - Digital Voltmeter (DVM) Fox - Polycarbonate
1954 Borg-Warner - ABS Polymers McIntire - Styrofoam Shockley, Ohl - Ion Implantation Lee - Diffused Base Germanium Mesa Transistor Chapin, Fuller, Pearson - Silicon Solar Cell Tanenbaum - Diffused Base Silicon Mesa Transistor Adcock, Teal - Silicon Transistor Koch - Transistor Radio Backus - Fortran Teal - Silicon Transistors Devol, Engleberger - Industrial Robots
1955 Grubb - Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Johnson - Computer Hard Disk USS Nautilus - Nuclear Powered Submarine Polley - Wireless (Optical) TV Remote Control Adler - Ultrasonic TV Remote Control Essen, Parry - Caesium Atomic Clock Wang - Magnetic Core Computer Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM) Kapany - Fibre Optics Uhlir, Bakanowski - Varactor Diode or Varicap Shockley - Four Layer Diode, Shockley Diode Lawson - Conditions for Nuclear Fusion Hastings - Mathematical Approximations
1956 Bell Labs, British Post Office - TransAtlantic Telephone Cable (TAT 1) Hall, Gutzwiller - Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR), Thyristor
1957 Korolev - Sputnik 1 and 2, Artificial Earth Satellite, Soviet Space Programme, First Animal in Space Esaki - Tunnel Diode, Negative Resistance, Electron Tunneling Bardeen, Cooper, Schreiffer - BCS Theory, Superconductivity Kouwenhoven - Defibrillator Hamilton Watch - Electric Watches Jache - Gel VRLA battery Hanratty - Numerical Control, CAD/CAM Frosch, Derrick - Silicon Dioxide Masking Andrus, Bond - Photolithography McCarthy, Bemer - Computer Time-Sharing, Operating Systems
1958 Niedrach - PEM Fuel Cells, Gemini Spacecraft Hoerni - Transistors, Planar Process Lehovec - Integrated Circuit, Dielectric Isolation Kilby, Noyce - Integrated Circuits Schawlow, Townes, Gould - Laser Van Allen - Radiation Belt, Explorer 1 Satellite
1959 Urry - Alkaline Primary Battery Ihrig - Fuel Cell Powered Vehicle Feynman - Nanotechnology Volder - CORDIC Mathematical Approximations
1960 Maiman - Laser Pope, Kallmann - Organic Electroluminescence, Organic Semiconductors Kahng, Atalla - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) Sah - MOSFET Hofstein, Heiman - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Integrated Circuit, MOS IC Loor, Christensen, Kleimack, Theurer, Ross - Epitaxial Deposition Cho, Arthur - Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) Greatbatch - Heart Pacemaker, Lithium Primary Battery Sutherland - Sketchpad, CAD Hetzel, Bennett - Electronic Tuning Fork Watch Getting, Parkinson, Easton - Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Navigation System
1960's Zinc Air Button Cells Bacon - Alkaline Fuel Cells, Apollo Spacecraft
1961 Uri Gagarin - Astronaut in Space US Department of Energy - Nuclear Batteries Gell-Mann - Particle Properties, The Eightfold Way, Quarks - See Quantum Timeline
Riley - Cordless Power Tools UK - Electricity Market Penetration Noyce - Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL) Thomson - Multiple Input Emitter Transistor, Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) Baker - Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) Buie, Longo - Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) Aroot - Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) Wanlass, Sah - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Lin - Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) Taylor - Computer Networks, Arpanet, Xerox PARC Labs Kalman - Predictive Control Systems
1962 Philbrick - Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps) Widlar, Talbert - Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps), Linear Circuits Holonyak - Light Emitting Diode Josephson - Superconducting Materials, Magnetic Field Sensor Carson - Silent Spring, Environmental Protection Pierce, Early, Kompfner, O'Neill - Telstar 1, Communications Satellite Charyk - COMSAT formed Licklider - "Intergalactic Computer Network" (Internet Concept)
1963 Cormack, Hounsfield - Computerised Axial Tomography, CAT Scanning Gunn - Gunn Diode Rosen, Williams, Hudspeth, Mendel - Syncom Geosynchronous Satellite, Geostationary Satellite
1964 Baran, Davies - Packet Switching, Internet Weitbrecht, Marsters, Saks - Teletypewriter (TTY), Acoustic Coupler Modem Kemeny, Kurtz - BASIC Programming Language Geulia - Super Flywheel Battery Henry-Baudot - Printed Circuit (Pancake) Motor Bitzer, Slottow, Wilson - Flat Panel Plasma Display Higgs - Higgs Field, Higgs Boson
1965 Zadeh - Fuzzy Logic Russell - Optical Disk System, Compact Disk, CD ROM Cooley, Tukey - Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Rosen - Intelsat 1 (Early Bird), Communications Satellite Hilton, Korolev - Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEO), Molniya Satellite, Nationwide Satellite Television Broadcasts Moore - Moore's Law, Integrated Circuits Johnston, De Loach, Cohen - IMPATT Diode Nelson - Hypertext
1966 Longo - Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), TTL Memory Dennard - Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Weber, Kummer - Sodium Sulphur Battery CODATA - Physical Constants Kao, Hockham - Fibre Optic Communications de Gaulle - Rance Tidal Energy Scheme
1967 Gates (Corporation)- Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) Battery Beccu - Nickel Metal Hydride (NIMH) Battery Kahng, Sze - Non-Volatile Memory, Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM) Thornley, Hatzakis - Electron Beam Lithography Walker, Koford, Jones - Micromosaic, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC's) Engelbart - Computer Mouse, Graphical User Interface (GUI), Hypertext, Video Conferencing
1968 Carter - Carterfone Judgement, Telecoms Deregulation Heilmeier - Liquid Crystal Display Knuth - The Art of Programming Kummer, Weber - AMTEC Direct Energy Conversion Rosen - De-spun Satellite Antenna
1969 Armstrong, Aldrin First men on the Moon, Collins Apollo 11 Captain Draper, Hall - Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC), Moon Landing Fergason - Twisted Nematic Field Effect, LCD Smith, Boyle - Charge Coupled Device Nakamura - Quartz Wristwatch Taylor, Roberts - ARPANet, Linked Computers
1970 Gray - LCD Materials Maurer, Keck, Schultz, Zimar - Low Loss Fibre Optic Cable Regitz, Karp, Hoff, Rowe, Abbott, Vadasz, Reed - Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Chua - Static Random Access Memory (DRAM) Frohman - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), OTP EPROM Joel - Cellular Phone Handoff System Abramson - ALOHAnet, Local Area Networks (LANs)
1971 Fagin, Hoff, Mazor - Single Chip Microprocessor Shugart - Computer Floppy Disk System Engel, Frenkiel, Gladden, Parelman - Cellular Communications System Sampson - Gamma Electric Cell, Nuclear Battery Tomlinson - Internet Email
1972 Sodium Sulphur Battery Tested Richie, Thompson - C Programming Language Sinclair - Pocket Calculator Chauvin Arnoux - Digital Multimeter
1973 Cooper - Portable Cell Phone, Cellular Base Station Cerf, Kahn - TCP/IP Internet Protocol Metcalfe, Boggs - Ethernet Cardullo, Walton - RFID Tags (Radio Frequency Identification) Projection Printing (Photolithography)
1974 Isley, Endres, Johnston, Marble, Senechal - 3 Axis Satellite Stabilisation, RF Inteferometer, Star Tracker, ATS-6 Experimental Direct TV Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Werbos - Neural Networks McGinniss, Corry, Proctor - Organic Semiconductors, Conductive Polymers
1970s VRLA Battery Development
1975 Dunlop, Giner, van Ommering, Stockel - Nickel Hydrogen Battery Roberts - Personal Computer
Gates (Bill), Allen - BASIC Interpreter, Microsoft, MS-DOS, Windows Operating System
1976 Kildall - Personal Computer Disk Operating System (DOS) Jobs, Wozniak - Apple Personal Computer Ungerboek - Forward Error Correction, Trellis Code Modulation Diffie, Hellman - Shared Key Encryption Ellis, Cocks, Williamson - Public Key Encryption Rivest, Shamir, Adleman - Public Key Encryption
1977 AT&T and Bell Labs - Cellular Phone System
Heeger, MacDiarmid, Shirakawa - Conductive Polymers Damadian - Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI Scanning Birkner, Chua - Programmable Logic Device (PLD) Hayes, Heatherington - PC Modem
1978 Christensen, Suess - Bulletin Board System (BBS) Jennings - FidoNet E.N. Kraftwerk - Compressed Air Energy Storage Cooper, Littauer - Metal-Air Batteries, Aluminium-Air Batteries Step and Repeat Photolithography Breedlove, Wiggins, Frantz - Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Speak and Spell
1979 Goodenough, Yoshino - Lithium Ion Rechargeable Cells Bricklin - Spreadsheet
1980 UK Atomic Energy Commission - Zebra Battery AGM Lead Acid Battery Baliga - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Mead, Conway - Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits, (VLSI) Ford Aerospace - Commercal Direct to Home Television, Direct Broadcast Satellite TV (DBS)
1981 Binnig, Rohrer - Scanning Tunneling Microscope Drexler - Nanotechnology MacCready - Photovoltaic Powered Airplane
1982 Solar One, Thermal Power Plant Petersen - MEMS, NEMS, Silicon Machining, Micro-Electromechanical Components
1983 Jobs - Graphical User Interface, (GUI) Hall - 3D Printing, Stereo Lithography, Rapid Prototyping
1984 Masuoka - Flash Memory, Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) Freeman - Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
1985 Curl, Kroto, Smalley - Buckminsterfullerenes
Skil - Cordless Power Tool
1980s Sealed VRLA Batteries Commercialised
1986 Ovshinsky - Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Developments Binnig, Rohrer - Atomic Force Microscope Hitachi - Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Bednorz, Müller - High Temperature Superconductors Smith - Six Sigma Quality Viterbi, Jacobs, Gilhousen - Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Cellular Systems Tsumura, Koezuka, Ando - Organic Thin Film Transistor (OTFT)
1987 Tang, van Slyke - Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
1988 SCE - 40MWH Lead Acid Load Levelling Battery Fan, Tai, Muller - Micro-Scale Electrostatic Motor, Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) Fert, Grünberg GMR Giant MagnetoResistance Chiariglione - Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) Lechleider, Cioffi - Broadband Communications, ADSL
1989 Berners-Lee - World Wide Web (WWW), HTML, HTTP, URL, Browser Pons, Fleischmann - Cold Nuclear Fusion Brown - Betavoltaic Nuclear Battery Regenesys - Flow Battery Bates - Thin Film Battery Boeing - Stacked Semiconductor Photovoltaic Cell Commercial Exploitation of the Internet, Email Services
1990 Emtage - Internet Search Engine Sony - Lithium Secondary Cells Introduction Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries Commercialisation
1990's New Market Demands
1991 Iijima - Carbon Nanotubes, Buckytubes Grätzel - Photoelectrochemical Cell Zimmermann - PGP Public Key Encryption
1992 Kordesch - Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese Battery
1993 Cooper - Zinc Air Batteries, Mechanical Charging
1994 Bellcore - Lithium Polymer Cells PowerNet - 42 Volt Automotive Battery Standard Rydbeck, Ullman Bluetooth Wireless Interface
1995 Bhatt and others - Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Pouch Cell
Duracell, Intel - Smart Battery, SMBus
Energizer - On-Cell Fuel Gauge or Battery Tester Bayliss - Clockwork Battery
1996 BMW - Flywheel Energy Storage Accident Patterson - Power Cells Poehler, Searson - All Plastic Battery Brauschweig University - Solar Powered Aeroplane
1997 Hayes, Hills - Wireless LANs, Wi-Fi Photovoltaic Modules Production
1998 NGK - 48MWH Sodium Sulphur Load Levelling Battery CODATA - Readjusts Physical Constants
2000 Mills - Hydrino Hydride Battery Tripathy - Flexible Polymer Solar Panels
2000's Market Trends
2001 Smalley - Nanowires
2002 Nanomaterials ORNL - Thin Film Batteries
2003 Geim, Novoselov - Graphene Teeters, Korzhova, Fisher - Nanobattery Zettl - Nano-Scale Electrostatic Motor, Nano-Electromechanical Systems(NEMS) University of San Diego - "Smart Dust", Nano Robots, Nano Batteries Regenesys - Cancelled GVEA - 40 Megawatt Battery Battery Sales Volumes Partanen - Rechargeable Aluminium Air Battery
2004 Toshiba - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Intel - Itanium 2 Processor
2005 Ki Bang Lee - Urine Battery Satoh - Organic Radical Battery Armstrong - Biofuel Cell van Hoof - Thermo-electric Generator Using Body Heat
2006 Kassakian, Schindall, Signorelli - Enhanced Double Layer Capacitors, Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
2007 Jobs, Ive - Smartphone Internet Capable Phone Hatazawa, Kano - Sugar Battery (Biofuel Cell)
2008 Johnson - JTEC Battery (Johnson Thermoelectric Energy Conversion) System CERN, Evans - Large Hadron Collider
2011 Hung,Hsu, Lin - Data Storage on DNA
2012 Church, Kosuri DNA Data Storage Device CERN - Higgs Boson Confirmed Sadoway, Bradwell - Liquid Metal Battery
2013 Nuckolls, Teller, Kidder, Dunne, Hurricane, Moses Inertial Confinement Nuclear Fusion
2015 Battery Futures???
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