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Conversion Table

Energy
1 KiloWatthour (kWh)	=	3.6 MegaJoules (MJ)
1 KiloWatthour (kWh)	=	3412 British Thermal Units (BTU)
1 KiloWatthour (kWh)	=	859.2 kilocalories (kcal)
1 Joule (J)	=	1 Watt Second
1 Joule (J)	=	1 Newton-Metre (N-m)
1 Joule (J)	=	0.1026 Metre-Kilogram (mkg)
1 Joule (J)	=	1 Volt X 1 Coulomb
1 Joule (J)	=	6.24 x 10¹²Million electronVolts (MeV)
1 ElectronVolt (eV)	=	1.6 X 10^-19 Joules (J)
1 ElectronVolt (eV)	=	1.16 X 10⁴ Degrees Kelvin (K) Equivalent (See Equivalent Electron Temperature below)
1MeV	=	1.07 X 10^-3 amu (Mass to Energy Conversion)
1 GigaJoule (GJ)	=	277.8 KiloWatthours (kWh)
1 Calorie (cal)	=	4.19002 Joules (J)
1 British Thermal Unit (BTU)	=	1055 Joules (J)
1 Therm	=	100,000 BTU
1 Therm	=	29.3 kWh
1 Quadrillion BTU (Quad)	=	10¹⁵ BTU
1 Quadrillion BTU (Quad)	=	2.931 x 10¹¹ KiloWatthours (KWh)
1 Quadrillion BTU (Quad)	=	293.1 TeraWatthours (TWh)
1 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe)	=	41.87 GigaJoules (GJ)
1 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe)	=	11.6 MegaWatthours (MWh) [See Note 1 below]
1 Metric Ton of TNT	=	4.184 GigaJoules (GJ)
1 Short Ton of TNT	=	3.796 GigaJoule (GJ)
1 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe)	=	10 Tons of TNT
1 GigaWatthour (GWh)	=	86 Tons of Oil Equivalent (toe)
1 TeraWatthour (TWh)	=	1 Billion KiloWatthours (KWh)
Energy Density / Calorific Content
1 KiloWatthour/Kilogram (kWh/Kg)	=	3.6 GigaJoules/tonne (GJ/tonne)
Power
1 Watt (W)	=	1 Joule/Second (J/s)
1 Watt (W)	=	3.7 BTU per hour (BTU/h)
1 Watt (W)	=	668 Lumens [See Note 2 below]
1 kiloWatt (kW)	=	1000 Watts (W)
1 MegaWatt (MW)	=	1000 kiloWatts (kW) [See Note 3 below]
1 Horse Power (hp)	=	746 Watts (W)
0 decibel (dB)	=	1 Power ratio (Note logarithmic scale)
3 dB	=	2 Power ratio
10 db	=	10 Power ratio
1 milliWatt (mW)	=	0 dBm Relative power (Note logarithmic scale)
100 milliWatts (mW)	=	20 dBm
1 microWatt (µW)	=	-30 dBm
1 femto Watt (fW)	=	10^-15Watts
Acceleration
1 metre per second per second (m/s²)	=	3.281 feet per second per second (ft/s²)
Gravitational Constant (G) (At the Earth's surface)
9.80665 (m/s²)	=	32.174 (ft/s²)
Weight
1 Long Ton (UK) (t)	=	2240 Pounds (lb)
1 Short Ton (US) (t)	=	2000 Pounds (lb)
1 Metric Ton (t)		2204.623 Pounds (lb)
1 Kilogram (Kg)	=	2.2 Pounds (lb)
1 Kilogram (Kg)	=	9.807 Newtons (N) On the Earth's surface
1 Stone	=	6.35 Kilograms (Kg)
1 Ounce (Oz)	=	28.35 Grams (g)
1 Atomic Mass Unit (amu)	=	1.67377 X 10^-27 Kilogram (Kg)
1 Atomic Mass Unit (amu)	=	931.5 MeV (Mass to Energy Conversion)
Force
1 Newton (N)	=	0.102 Kilograms-Force (kgf)
1 Newton (N)	=	0.22 Pound-Force (lbf)
1 Poundal	=	0.138 Newtons (N)
1 Poundal	=	0.031 Pound-Force (lbf)
Torque
1 Newton-Metre (N.M)	=	0.102 kilogram-Force.Metres (kgf.m)
1 Newton-Metre (N.M)	=	0.738 FootPounds-Force (ft.lbf)
Electric Charge
1 Coulomb (C)	=	1 Amp-Second
1 Coulomb (C)	=	6.25 X 10¹⁸ Electrons (e)
1 AmpHour (Ah)	=	3600 Coulombs (C)
Electric Current
1 Amp (A)	=	1 Coulomb per Second (C/s)
1 Amp (A)	=	6.25 X 10¹⁸ Electrons per Second Electron Flow
Electric Voltage
1 Volt (V)	=	1 Joule per Coulomb (J/C)
Frequency / Wavelength
1 MegaHertz (MHz)	=	300 metres (M)
Flow Rate
1 Litre per Second	=	792 Gallons (Imp) per Hour (gal/hr)
Distance
1 Mile	=	1.6 Kilometers (km)
1 Metre (m)	=	39.4 Inches (in)
1 Inch (in)	=	2.54 centimetres (cm)
1 Thousandth of an Inch (thou)	=	25.4 Microns
1 Micrometre (Micron)	=	10^-3(0.001) Millimetres (mm)
1 Nanometre	=	10^-6 Millimetres (mm)
1 Angstrom	=	10^-7 Millimetres (mm)
Atomic Diameter	=	1 Angstrom (Approximately)
1 Nautical Mile (nm)	=	1.1508 Miles (m)
Area
1 Square Metre (m²)	=	10.76 Square Feet (sq.ft)
1 Hectare (ha)	=	10,000 Square Metres (m²)
1 Hectare (ha)	=	2.47 Acres (acre)
1 Acre (acre)	=	4840 Square Yards (sq yd)
1 Square Mile (mile²)	=	640 Acres (acre)
1 Square Mile (mile²)	=	2.59 Square Kilometres (km²)
1 Square Kilometre (km²)	=	100 Hectares (ha)
Nuclear Cross Section - barn (bn)	=	10^-28 m²
Volume
1 Cubic Metre (m³)	=	1,000 Litres (l)
1 Litre (l)	=	1,000,000 (mm³)
1 Gallon (Imperial) (gal)	=	4.55 Litres (l)
1 Gallon (Imperial) (gal)	=	1.2 Gallons (US) (gal)
1 Barrel (US Oil) (bbl)	=	42 Gallons (US Liq) (gal)
Velocity
1 Metre per second (m/s)	=	2.24 miles per hour (mph)
1 Mile per Hour (mph)	=	1.61 Kilometres per Hour (km/hr)
1 Knot (knot)	=	1.15 Miles per Hour (mph)
Rotational Speed
1 Revolution per minute (rpm)	=	0.105 Radians per second (rad/sec)
Pressure
1 bar or atm (atmospheric pressure)	=	14.5 Pounds per Square Inch (psi)
1 bar	=	100,000 Pascals (Pa)
1 Pound per Square Inch (psi)	=	6895 Newtons per Square Meter (N/m²)
1 Pascal (Pa)	=	1 Newton per Square Meter (N/m²)
1 Megapascal (MPa)	=	145 Pounds per Square Inch (psi)
Fuel Consumption
30 Miles per Gallon (Imperial)(mpg)	=	9.42 Litres/100 Kilometers (l/100km)
Radiation Activity (Radiotiactive Decay)
1 Becquerel (Bq)	=	Material quantity producing 1 Nuclear decays/second
1 Curie (Ci) (Obsolete)	=	3.7 X 10¹⁰ Becquerel (Bq)
Radiation Dose
1 Gray (Gy)	=	1 Joule/Kilogram (J/Kg)
1 Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad) (Obsolete)	=	0.01 Gray (Gy)
1 Röntgen (R) (Obsolete)	=	258 X 10^-6Coulombs per Kilogram of Air (C/Kg)
1 Gray (Gy)	=	115 Röntgen (R)
1 Sievert (Sv)	=	1 Gray X Q (Gy) [See Note 4 below]
1 Röntgen Equivalent Man (rem) (Obsolete)	=	0.01 Sieverts (Sv) [See Note 4 below]
Amounts
Avogadros Number (N_A)	=	6.02214179 X 10²³
1 Mole (n)	=	Contains N_A particles
Other Equivalents
1 Metric Ton of Oil (ton)	=	7.64 Barrels (bbl)

Note 1: 1 toe is the quantity of oil which has the equivalent energy content of 11.6 MWh of electricity. It is not the quantity of oil necessary to produce 11.6 MWh of electricity. The amount of oil consumed in producing 11.6 MWh of electrical energy may be more than three times as much due to the inefficiency of the conversion process.

Note 2: A light flux of 668 Lumens is equivalent to an energy flow rate of 1 Watt of radiant electrical (or other) power. It is not the light flux produced by 1 Watt of electricity. An incandescent light bulb typically converts less than 10% of its input electrical energy into light. The rest is lost as heat See Energy Efficiency .

Note 3: The power in MegaWatts of an electricity generating plant may be expressed as MWe or MWt (alternatively MWth). MWe is the more common and represents the electrical output power of the plant. MWt is the thermal input power developed by the furnace or nuclear reactor. The output power MWe is generally only about 30% or 40% of the input power MWt.

Note 4: I Sievert = I Gray X Q where the quality factor (Q)is a measure of the magnitude of the damage done by the dose. The Gray is the dose, the Sievert is the effect of the dose.

Similarly 1 rem = 1R X Q.

Orders of Magnitude

Prefix	Factor	Name
Yotta	10²⁴	Septillion
Zetta	10²¹	Sextillion
Exa	10¹⁸	Quintillion
Peta	10¹⁵	Quadrillion
Tera	10¹²	Trillion
Giga	10⁹	Billion
Mega	10⁶	Million
Kilo	10³	Thousand
Hecto	10²	Hundred
Deka	10¹	Ten
One	10⁰	One
Deci	10¹	Tenth
Centi	10²	Hundredth
Milli	10³	Thousandth
Micro	10⁶	Millionth
Nano	10⁹	Billionth
Pico	10¹²	Trillionth
Femto	10¹⁵	Quadrillionth
Atto	10¹⁸	Quintillionth
Zepto	10²¹	Sextillionth
Yocto	10²⁴	Septillionth

Constants and Definitions

Some Physical Constants
Speed of Light (c)	=	300 X 10⁶ metres/second (m/s)
Permeability of vacuum (μ₀)	=	4π X 10^-7Newtons/square Ampere (N/A²) or Henries/metre (H/m)
Permitivity of vacuum (ε₀)	=	8.8 X 10^-12Farads/metre (F/m)
1 Mole - (mol)	=	A unit representing an amount of substance which contains 6.022 X 10²³ entities (atoms, molecules, ions, electrons etc.)
Electron Charge (e)	=	1.6 X 10^-19 Coulombs (C)
Electron Energy (ElectronVolts) (eV)	=	1.6 X 10^-19 Joules (J)
Equivalent Electron Temperature (Degrees Kelvin) (K)	=	Boltzmann's Constant / Electron Charge = k/e = 8.6 X 10^-5 ElectronVolts (eV)
ElectronVolt (eV) (Temperature Equivalent)	=	1.16 X 10⁴ Degrees Kelvin (K)
Electron Mass	=	9.1 X 10^-31 Kg
Faraday Constant (F)	=	The amount of electric charge in one mole of electrons N_A X e = 9.650 X 10⁴ Coulombs/mole (C/mol)
Avogadro's Constant or Number (N_A)	=	The number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 = 6.02214179 X 10²³ Also = The number of entities in a mole of those entities. Note that Avogadro's Number N_A divided by by the atomic mass of an element gives the number of atoms of that element in one gram. Thus Uranium-235 contains 6.022 X 10²³ / 235 = about 2.563 X 10²¹ atoms per gram.
Boltzmann's Constant (k)	=	The kinetic energy of one molecule of an ideal gas = 1.38 X 10^-23 Joules/degree Kelvin (J/K)
Universal Gas Constant (R)	=	The kinetic energy of one mole of an ideal gas = 8.31446 Joules/degree Kelvin (J/K)
Planck's Constant (h)	=	6.63 X 10^-34 Joule seconds (J·s) = 4.14 X 10^-15 eV seconds (eV·s)

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Battery and Energy Technologies

Conversion Table

Energy

Energy Density / Calorific Content

Power

Acceleration

Gravitational Constant (G) (At the Earth's surface)

Weight

Force

Torque

Electric Charge

Electric Current

Electric Voltage

Frequency / Wavelength

Flow Rate

Distance

Area

Volume

Velocity

Rotational Speed

Pressure

Fuel Consumption

Radiation Activity (Radiotiactive Decay)

Radiation Dose

Amounts

Other Equivalents

Orders of Magnitude

Constants and Definitions

Some Physical Constants