Technology and Applications Timeline
Click on the dates for details or go directly to the History Page
A list in alphabetical order is available on the Hall of Fame page.
See also the timeline of the Discovery of the Elements
Note Some events are grouped together to make it easier to follow a theme. The dates indicate where to find the event in the text. There you will find the date when the event actually happened if it is different.
2500 B.C. Bronze Age, Egyptians, Imhotep - Soldering, Wire Drawing, Architecture, Medicine
2300 B.C. Egyptians - Stenciling
1300 B.C. Egyptians - Wire Making, Fibreglass
1280 B.C. Moses - Ark of the Covenant
800 B.C. Greeks - Lodestone, Magnets
600 B.C. Thales - Static Electricity, Scientific Method
460 B.C. Democritus - Atomic Theory
350 B.C. Aristotle - Rational Deduction
250 B.C. Mesopotamia - Baghdad Battery
220-206 B.C. Qin Dynasty - Magnetic Compass
206 B.C.-220 A.D. Han Dynasty - Petroleum Extraction
27 B.C.- 5th Century A.D. The Romans - Roman Science
150 A.D. Ptolemy - Geocentric Universe, Almagest, Geographia, Map Making
200 Galen - Magnets and Medicine
400 Hypatia - Hydrometer, Astrolabe
426 St Augustine - Magnets and Miracles
619 Romans - Tidal Power
645 Xuan Zhuang - Silk Screen Printing
700-1100 Islamic Science - Rise and Fall, Scientific Revolution
776 Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber) - Chemistry, Experimental Methods
830 Al-Khawarizmi - Algebra, Algorithms, Trigonometry, Concept of Zero
920 Al-Razi - Chemistry, Book of Secrets
1040 Wu Ching Tsung Yao - Thermoremanent Magnetisation
1041 Pi Sheng - Printing Press
1086 Shen Kuo - Compass Navigation
1190 Neckam - Magnetic Compass
1250 St Thomas Aquinas - Rational Thought
1269 Petrus Peregrinus - Magnetic Poles
1368 China - Ming Dynasty, Decline of Chinese Science and Technology
1450 Gutenberg - Printing Press
1474 Republic of Venice - Patent Law
1499 King Henry VI, John of Utynam - The First Patent
1514 Copernicus - Heliocentric Universe
1515 Leonardo da Vinci - Solar Heating
1593 Galileo, Santorio - Water/Air Thermometer
1600 Gilbert - Electric and Magnetic Forces, Experimental Method
1601 Brahe - Astronomical Observations
1603 Cascariolo - Phosphorescence
1605 Bacon - Scientific Method, Five Bit Binary Code
1608 Lippershey - Telescope
1609 Kepler - Laws of Planetary Motion
1614 Napier - Logarithms, Mechanical Calculator (Napier's Bones)
1620 Gunter - Logarithmic Scale Calculator
1621 Oughtred - Slide Rule
1629 Cabeo - Electric Repulsion
1642 Pascal - Mechanical Calculator, Hydraulic Press, Vacuum
1643 Torricelli - Barometer
1644 Descartes - Cartesian Geometry, Mathematical Basis of Science
1646 Browne - Named "Electricity"
1651 Glauber - Pressure Release Valve
1654 Ferdinand II - Sealed Alcohol Thermometer
1658 Ussher - Age of the Earth
1660 Towneley, Power - Gas Law
1661 Huygens - Manometer
Boyle - Elements
1662 Boyle - Gas Law
1663 van Guericke - Electric Generator
1665 Boyle - Hydrometer
1675 Boyle - Electric Force Transmission
1676 Hooke - Hooke's Law for Springs, Time Stamping
1679 Leibniz - Binary Arithmetic, Calculus
1681 Papin - Safety Valve, Pressure Cooker, Steam Engine
1687 Newton - Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Calculus, Laws of Motion, Cat-flap
1700
1705 Hauksbee - Electroluminescent Glow Discharge Lamp
1713 Réaumur - Fibreglass, Thermometer, Temperature Scale
1714 Fahrenheit - Mercury Thermometer, Temperature Scale
1725 Bouchon - Stored Program, Punched Paper Tape, Machine Automation
1728 Falcon - Punched Cards, Manufacturing Automation
1729 Gray - Electric Conduction
1733 du Fay - Positive and Negative Charges
de Moivre - Bell Curve (Normal Distribution)
1738 Bernoulli - Fluid Mechanics
1744 de Vaucanson - Stored Program, Punched Cards, Machine Automation
1745 van Musschenbroek, Cunaeus, von Kleist - Leyden Jar
1746 Nollet - Electric Communications
1747 Cavendish - Electric Potential, Inverse Square Law
Watson - Earth Return
1748 Watson - Glow Discharge, Fluorescent Light
Nollet - Electroscope
Euler - Mathematical Constant e, Euler's Trigonometrical Formulae, Turbine Equations
1750 Nollet - Electrostatic Spraying
Michell - Magnetic Induction, Inverse Square Law
1752 Dalibard - Lightning Experiments
Sulzer - Battery Tongue Test
Franklin - Electrical Experiments
1753 Morrison - Telegraph
1757 Adanson, Walsh - Electric Fish, Electric Shocks
1759 Aepinus - Mathematics of Electricity and Magnetism, Variable Capacitor
1761 Black - Latent Heat
1766 de Saussure - Electrometer
Cavendish - Hydrogen
1767 Priestley - History of Electricity, Oxygen
1769 Watt - Steam Engine
1771 Arkwright - Machine Powered Factory
Scheele - Oxygen, Chlorine, Light Sensitive Silver Salts (Basis of Photographic Process)
1774 LeSage - Electric Telegraph
1775 Volta - Perpetual Electrophorus
Wilkinson - Precision Machine Tools
1782 Laplace - Integral Transform, Probability Theory
1784 Cavendish - Chemical Composition of Water
Mesmer - Animal Magnetism
1785 Coulomb - Inverse Square Law
1786 Galvani - Animal Electricity
1787 Charles, Gay Lussac - Gas Laws
1789 Lavoisier - Conservation of Mass, Elements
1790 Jefferson - Patent Laws
Hopkins - First US Patent
1791 Richter - Stoichiometry, Law of Definite Proportions
Barber - Gas Turbine Engine, Water Jet Propulsion
1792 Murdoch - Coal Gas
1795 Bramah - Hydraulic Press
1797 von Humboldt - Galvanic Electricity
Maudslay - Precision Machine Tools, Screw-Cutting Lathe, Micrometer
1798 Whitney - Interchangeable Components, Milling Machine
1799 Rumford - Equivalence of Thermal Energy and Mechanical Work, Royal Institution
1800 Volta - Battery
Nicholson, Carlisle - Electrolysis
Herschel - Infra Red Radiation
1801 Ritter - Ultra Violet Radiation
Jacquard - Stored Program, Programmed Machine Control
Gautherot - Rechargeable Battery
1802 Cruikshank - Electrodeposition, Electroplating
Wollaston - Optical Polarisation, Wollaston Prism
1803 Ritter - Rechargeable Battery
Dalton - Atomic Theory, Gas Laws
1804 Salvá - Electric Telegraph
1805 Brugnatelli - Electroplating
1807 Young - Modulus of Elasticity
Davy - Isolation of Elements by Electrolysis
Fourier - Heat Transfer, Fourier Transform
Gauss - Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
1808 Berzelius - Law of Definite Proportions, Chemical Notation, Atomic Masses
Brunel - Mass Production
1809 Davy - Carbon Arc Lamp
1810
1811 Avogadro - Molecular Weights Hypothesis
1812 von Sömmering - Electric Telegraph
Zamboni - High Voltage "Dry" Battery, Electric Clock
1814 Fraunhofer - Fraunhofer Lines, Light Spectrum Analysis
1805 Brugnatelli - Electroplating
1816 Ronalds - Electric Telegraph
Wollaston - Reserve Battery
Stirling - Stirling "Hot Air" Engine, Regenerator
1819 Dulong, Petit - Specific Heat Capacity Law
1820 Øersted - Magnetism and Electricity
Ampère - Magnetic Forces, Electric Potential
Biot, Savart - Magnetic Fields
Schweigger - Galvanometer
Arago - Electromagnet
Hare - Spiral Wound Electrodes
1821 Seebeck - Thermoelectric Effect
Faraday - Electric Motor
1822 Barlow - Electric Motor
1823 Döbereiner - Catalysis
1824 Berzelius - Silicon Isolated
Carnot - Heat Engine Theory, Second Law of Thermodynamics
1825 Ampère - Magnetic Field Theory
Sturgeon - Electromagnet
Stephenson - Railways
1826 Nobili, Melloni - Astatic Galvanometer, Thermoelectric Battery
Poggendorff - Mirror Galvanometer
1827 Ohm - Ohm's Law
Brown - Brownian Motion
1828 Berzelius - Atomic Weights
Green - Mathematical Analysis of Electricity and Magnetism
Dutrochet - Osmosis
Jedlik - Electric Motor, Commutator, Self Excited Dynamo
1829 Nobili, Melloni - Thermopile Radiant Heat Measurement
Becquerel - Constant Current Cell
1830 Ure - Bi-metal Thermostat
Henry - Electromagnetic Induction
1831 Faraday - Solenoid, Induction Coil, Transformer, Dynamo, Homopolar Machine
Henry - Electric Telegraph
Henry - Relay
1832 Schilling - Electric Telegraph
Pixii - Magneto, Direct Current Dynamo
1833 Faraday - Laws of Electrolysis
Christie - Wheatstone Bridge
Weber, Gauss - Magnetic Fields, Electric Telegraph
Lenz - Induced Current Law
Graham - Diffusion Law
Brunel - Gaz Engine
Ericsson - Hot Air Engine, Ericsson Cycle, Screw Propeller, USS Monitor
1834 Peltier - Thermo-cooling Effect
Clapeyron - Heat Engine Theory, Thermodynamics
1835 Gauss - Electric Field Theory, Normal Probability Distribution
Morse - Electric Telegraph, Morse Code
Lindsay - Electric Arc Welding, Electric Lamp
1836 Daniell - Battery, Non-Polarising Cell
Berzelius - Catalysts
Paris - Electric Light Installation
Dubus-Bonnel - Woven Fibreglass
Callan - Induction Coil, Maynooth Battery
1837 Faraday - Capacitor Theory
Davenport - Electric Motor
Cooke, Wheatstone - Electric Telegraph
Ettrick, Henley - Insulated Electrical Wire
McGauley, Page - Interrupter, Self-Acting Circuit Breaker
1838 Davidson - Switched Reluctance DC Motor, Electric Locomotive
Steinheil - Earth(Ground) Return Single Wire Signalling
1839 Steinheil - Electric Clock
Grove - Fuel Cell
Faraday - Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator
Jacobi - Power Transfer Theorem, Load Matching, Electric Boat, Electroplating, Electroforming
Becquerel - Photovoltaic Effect
Simon - Polystyrene
1840 Joule - Electric Heating (Joule's) Law, First Law of Thermodynamics
Elkingtons - Electroplating
Newall - Cable Making
Airy - Feedback, Closed Loop Systems
Armstrong - Hydro-Electric Generator
1841 Bunsen - Carbon Zinc Cell, Spectroscopy
Bain - Electric Clock, Earth Battery
1842 Doppler - Doppler Effect
1843 Bain - Image Scanning, Fax Machine, Punched Paper Tape, Telegraph Improvements
Ada Lovelace, Babbage - Computer Programming, Stored Program, Binary Numbers, Analytical Engine
Wheatstone - Rheostat
Hancock, Goodyear - Vulcanisation of Rubber
du Bois Reymond - Electrophysiology, Nerve Impulses
1845 Faraday - Magneto-Optic Effect
Kirchhoff - Network Theory, Speed of Light, Spectroscopy, Composition of the Sun and Stars
1846 Smithson - Smithsonian Institution
Faraday - Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism
Semyonov - Oil Wells, Petroleum Industry
1848 Kelvin - Absolute Temperature
1849 Fizeau - Speed of Light, Red Shift
Bourdon - Pressure Gauge
1850 Clausius - Mechanical Theory of Heat
Mirand - Trembling Electric Bell
1851 Kelvin - Second Law of Thermodynamics
Ruhmkorff - High Voltage Induction Coil
1852 Frankland - Chemical Bonds, Valency
Joule, Thomson - Gas Laws, Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Channing, Farmer - Automatic Fire Alarm System, Diplex Telegraphy
1853 Pope - Electric Burglar Alarm
Gintl - Duplex Telegraphy
Rankine - Potential Energy
Kelvin - RLC Circuit Theory
1854 Bourseul - Electrical Transmission of Sound
Geissler - Vacuum Tubes, Fluorescent Light
Boole - Boolean Logic
Tyndall - Light Pipe, Fibre Optics
Stenhouse - Gas Mask
Barsanti, Matteucci - Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine
1855 Parkes - Plastic, Celluloid
1856 Kelvin - Dynamic Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, Strain Gauge
1857 Kelvin - MagnetoResistance
Wheatstone - Punched Paper Tape
1858 Field, Whitehouse, Kelvin - Transatlantic Telegraph Cable, Mirror Galvanometer
Plücker, Hittorf - Cathode Rays, Fluorescent Lights
Couper, Kekulé - Organic Chemistry, Linking Carbon Atoms
Holmes - Electric Burglar Alarm
Cannizzaro - Atomic and Molecular Weights
1859 Rankine - Thermodynamic Cycles
Carré - Gas Absorption Refrigeration
1860 Lenoir - Internal Combustion Engine, Spark Ignition, Lenoir Cycle
Reithmann - Four Stroke Engine
Planté - Lead Acid Rechargeable Battery
Mouchout - Solar Powered Motor
Maxwell - Primary Colours, Colour Photography
1861 Reis - Telephone
Meucci - Telephone
Beau de Rochas - Four Stroke Engine
1862 Otto - Spark Ignition Four Stroke Engine, Otto Cycle
1863 Alkali Works Act - Environmental Legislation
Davis - Pilot Plants, Safety Practices
Jedlik - Multiplying Capacitor Battery (High Voltage Generator)
1864 Maxwell - Electromagnetic Waves
Elkington - Electrolytic Refining
1865 Clausius - Entropy
ITU - International Telecommunications Union Established
1866 Varley, Siemens, Wheatstone, Hjorth, Jedlik - Dynamo, Electromagnetic Armature
1867 Siemens - Reversibility of Dynamo
Kelvin - Water Powered Electrostatic Generator
Scholes, Glidden, Soule - Typewriter
1868 Leclanché - Zinc Carbon Wet Cell
Maxwell - Feedback Control Systems
Farcot - Servomechanisms
1869 Hittorf - Ion Migration, Transport Number
Meyer, Mendeleyef - Periodic Table of Elements
Berges - Hydroelectric Power
Tyndall - Explanation of Blue Sky
1870 Hyatt - Plastic, Celluloid
Player - Fibreglass
1870's Boltzmann - Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamic Entropy
1871 Weber - Atomic Structure, Current Flow
Steiner - Electric Shock Treatment
Tyndall - Fireman's Respirator, Gas Mask
1872 Baumann - PVC, Polyvinyl Chloride
Loomis - Radio
Clark - Standard Cell
Stearns - Duplex Telegraphy
1872 Brayton - Continuous Combustion Engine, Brayton (Thermodynamic) Cycle
1873 Maxwell - Electromagnetic Radiation Theory, Maxwell's Equations
Gramme, Fontaine - Commutators, DC Machines, Electrical Power Transmission
Davidson - Electric Vehicle
May, Smith - Photoconductivity
van der Waals - Gas Laws, Intermolecular Forces
1874 Clamond - Thermo-electric Battery
Edison - Quadruplex Telegraph
Baudot - Digital Encoding, Multiplexer
Braun - Crystal Rectifier
Stoney - Electron
Salomons - Electric Car
1875 Rowland - Current and Charge Flow
1876 Bell, Gray - Telephone
1877 Hughes, Edison, Berliner, Hunnings, Blake - Carbon Microphone
Adams, Day - Photo-electric Effect
Siemens - Loudspeaker
1878 Gramme, Fontaine - Electric Alternator
Gibbs - Chemical Thermodynamics, Free Energy Concept, Vector Analysis
Niaudet - Battery Industry Growth, 100 Battery Types, Recycling
Redmond - Television
de Paiva - Electric Telescope
1879 Hall - Magnetic Field Strength Sensors
Edison, Swan and Others - Incandescent Lamp
Crookes - Cathode Ray Tube, Radiometer
Siemens Halske - Electric Railway
Stefan - Black Body Radiation
Hughes - Induction Balance, Metal Detector, Radio Waves, Electromagnetic Radiation
1880 Curie - Piezo-electricity
Fauré - Lead Acid Battery Formation, Pasted Plates
Hammesfahr - Fibreglass Cloth
1881 Thiebaut - Leclanché Cell Improvements
Burr, Scott - Flashlight (Torch)
Touvé - Electric Car
International Electric Congress - Electrical Units, Volt, Ohm, Ampere
Taylor - Time and Motion Study, Scientific Management
Smith, Phelps, Edison, Woods - Induction Telegraph, Mobile Communications
1882 d'Arsonval - Moving Coil Galvanometer
Tesla - Rotating Field Principle, 2 Phase Induction Motor
Lalande, Chaperon - Rechargeable Alkaline Cells
Wimshurst - Electrostatic Generator
Ayrton, Perry - Electric Tricycle, Electric Lights
Wheeler, Seely - Domestic Electrical Appliances
Edison - DC Electricity Generating Station
Hammer - Thermionic Emission
Hopkinson - Three Phase Electricity Generation and Distribution
1883 Hopkinson - Synchronous Motors
Edison - Electric Fuse
Fritts - Photo-voltaic Module
Fitzgerald - Radio Waves
1884 Heaviside - Coaxial Cable, Vector Calculus, Distortionless Transmission Lines, Heaviside-Kennelly Layer
Renard - Zinc Chlorine Flow Battery
Arrhenius - Galvanic Conductivity in Electrolytes, Ion Dissociation
Le Chatelier - Chemical Equilibrium
Nipkow - Television System, Image Raster Scanning
1885 Goldstein - Canal Rays
Ferraris - Induction Motor Rotating Magnetic Field
Benardos, Olszewski - Electric Arc Welder
Bláthy, Déri, Zipernowsky - High Voltage AC Distribution System, Transformer, AC WattHour Meter
Benz - Automobile
1886 Stanley - Transformer
Gassner - Carbon Zinc Dry Cell
Hall, Heroult - Electrolytic Extraction of Aluminium
Akroyd-Stuart - Compression Ignition Engine
1887 Kelvin - Electrostatic Voltmeter
Arrhenius - Chemical Reaction Rates
Thomson - Electric Resistance Welding
Tesla - Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators, AC Distribution System
Ferranti - AC Distribution System, AC Electricity Generating Station, Induction Heating
Waller - Electrocardiogram
Boys - Fibreglass
Hertz - Photoelectric Effect
1888 Hertz - Radio Waves
Hallwachs - Photoelectric Effect
Peral, Zede, Drzewiecki - Electric Submarines
Reinitzer - Liquid Crystal Effect
Strowger - Automatic Telephone Exchange
1889 Thomson - Recording Wattmeter
von Dobrovolski - Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Nernst - Galvanic Cell Theory, Enthalpy, Third Law of Thermodynamics
Westinghouse - Hydroelectric AC Generating and Distribution System
1890 Ewing - Hysteresis
Tesla - High Frequency Multi-pole Rotary Generator
1891 Steinmetz - Hysteresis Law, AC Circuit Analysis, Phasors
Ward Leonard - Variable Speed Control
Wenström - Three Phase Power Systems
Hertz, Lenard - Cathode Rays
Branly - Coherer (Radio Wave Detector)
Varley - Lightning Bridge
1892 Weston - Standard Cell, Electric Instruments
Hayes - Telephone Exchange Central Battery Power
Stubblefield - Ground Battery, Radio
Lorentz - Electrodynamics, Electromagnetic Fields, Electromagnetic Forces
1893 Elster, Geitel - Photocell
Westinghouse - End of the Current Wars
Diesel - Compression Ignition Engine, Diesel Cycle
1894 Parsons - Steam Turbines
Lodge, Muirhead - Radio Signal Transmission
1895 Röntgen - X-ray Effect
Curie - Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Curie Point
Popov - Radio Waves, Antennas
1896 Marconi - Radio Telegraphy
Jacques - Carbon Battery
Becquerel - Radioactivity
Misell - Flashlight (Torch), D Cells
Dowsing - Automobile Self-Starter, Integrated Starter Generator
1897 Thomson - Electron
Braun - Oscilloscope
Darraq - Regenerative Braking
Peukert - Available Battery Capacity
1898 Poulsen - Magnetic Recording and Playback Apparatus
Wien - Proton
Lodge - Radio Tuning
Curie - Radioactivity, Radium
1899 Duell - Patents
Rutherford, Soddy - Alpha Rays, Beta Rays
Villard - Gamma Rays
Jungner - Nickel Cadmium Rechargeable Cells
Jénatzy - Electric Vehicle, Land Speed Record
Porsche - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Pupin - Inductive Loading Coils
1900 Edison - Nickel Iron Battery
Planck - Quantum Theory
Drude - Electrical Conduction
Pieper - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Holland - Dual Propulsion Submarine
1901 Michaelowski - Nickel Zinc Battery
1902 Hewitt - Mercury Arc Rectifier
USA - Electricity Market Penetration
1903 Einthoven - Electrocardiograph
Soddy, Rutherford - Radioactivity, Spontaneous Atomic Disintegration
Hanson - Flexible Printed Circuits
Krieger - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Tswett - Chromatography
Murray - Teleprinter
1904 Fleming - Diode Rectifier, Potentiometer
Hülsmeyer - Radar
Hubbell - Mains Plug and Socket
Conti - Geothermal Power Plant
1905 Einstein - Quantum Theory, Avogadro's Number, Brownian Motion, Speed of Light, E = mc2
Tafel - Battery Theory
Piper - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Langévin - Magnetism, Magnetic Properties
1906 Fessenden - Broadcast Radio, Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Alexanderson - High Frequency Multi-pole Rotary Generator
Pickard, Dunwoody - Crystal Detector, Cat's Whisker
1907 Baekeland - Thermosetting Plastic
de Forest - Triode
Round - Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Weiss - Magnetic Domains, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism
Simon - Silk Screen Printing
1908 Voith - Pumped Storage
Brandenberger - Cellophane
1909 Sørensen - pH Acidity/Alkalinity Measure
Beautey - Hermetically Sealed Wet Battery
1910 Millikan - Electron Charge
Coolidge - Tungsten Filament Light Bulb
Claude - Neon Lights
1911 Onnes - Superconductivity
Rutherford - Atomic Structure
Campbell Swinton - Electronic Television
1912 Thomson, Soddy - Isotopes, Mass Spectrometer
Kettering - Automobile Electric Starter
Bragg - X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Crystallography
von Laue - X-ray Theory
Wilson - Cloud Chamber
Armstrong - Regenerative Radio Receiver, Positive Feedback
Sarnoff - Monitoring Titanic SOS Signals
Leavitt - Cepheid Star Period-Luminosity Relation, Standard Candles
1913 Bohr - Quantum Mechanics, Atomic Structure
Moseley - Atomic Number, Periodic Table
Berry, Littlefield, Bassist - Printed Circuits
Ford - Moving Conveyor Line, Paced Assembly Line
1914 Millikan - Planck's Constant Determination
Slipher - Red Shifted Galaxies
1915 Benedicks - Germanium Crystal Rectifier
Willard - Automotive SLI Batteries
Fery - Air Depolarising, Zinc-Air Battery
Colpitts - Push-Pull Amplifier
Hartley, Colpitts - Variable Frequency Oscillators
Carson - Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation, Frequency Division Multiplexing
Shapley - Stellar Distance Estimation, Cosmic Dimensions
1916 Lewis - Chemical Bonding, Ionic Bonding
Sommerfeld - Atomic Structure, Quantum States
Northrup - High Frequency Induction Heating
Czochralski - Single Crystal Growth
1917 Campbell, Wagner - Passive Electric Wave Filters
Rutherford - Splits Atom, Proton
1918 Armstrong, Schottky - Superheterodyne Radio Tuner
Schoop - Printed Circuits
1919 Eccles, Jordan - Flip Flop
Eguchi - Electrets
Schottky - Tetrode Valve
Nicholson - Crystal Oscillator
1920 KDKA - First Commercial Radio Broadcasts
Aston - Nuclear Mass Defect, Binding Energy
Eddington - Sun's Energy Source
1921 UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Cady - Crystal Controlled Oscillator
Midgley - Anti-knock Fuel (Tetraethyl Lead), Refrigerants (Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs))
1920's Diesel Electric Locomotives, Electric Drives
1922 BBC - Public Radio Broadcasting
Losev - Light Emitting Diode (LED), Solid State Amplifier, Negative Resistance Amplifier
Minorsky - Feedback Control Systems, PID (3 Term) Controller
Staudinger, Simon - Theory of Polymers, Polystyrene
1923 Marconi Company - Hearing Aid
Dodge, Romig - Sampling Inspection Tables, AOQL
Brønsted, Lowry, Lewis - Acids and Bases
Pierce - "Pierce" Crystal Controlled Oscillator
1924 Berger - Encephalograph
de Broglie - Wave Particle Duality
Rice, Kellogg - Moving Coil Loudspeaker
Schottky, Gerlach - Ribbon Microphone
Appleton - Ionosphere, Appleton Layer, Radar
1925 Maxfield, Harrison - Electrical Sound Recording
Bush - Analogue Computer
Pauli - Exclusion Principle, Electron Spin
Heisenberg - Quantum Theory, Matrix Mechanics
Ducas - Printed Circuits
1926 Parolini, Edison - Printed Circuits
Semon - PVC, Plasticisers
Eckert, Ziegler - Injection Moulding Machine
Schrödinger - Quantum Wave Mechanics, Wave Equation
Born - Quantum State Probability
Lilienfeld - Field Effect Transistor
Loomis - Tuxedo Park Laboratory, MIT Radiation Laboratory
Ridenour - MIT Radiation Lab Series Publications
1927 Heisenberg - Uncertainty Principle
Thomson, Davisson - Wave Nature of the Electron
Hund - Quantum Tunneling
USA - Battery Costs
Chauvin Arnoux - Multimeter
Black - Feedback Control Theory, Distortion Control
Seymour - Flexible Printed Circuits
Farnsworth - All Electronic Television System
Marrison - Quartz Clock, Crystal Controlled Oscillator
Haldane - Heat Pump
1928 Dirac - Electron Magnetic Spin Properties, Anti-particles, Quantum Electrodynamics, QED, Positron
Hartley - Signal Information Content, Information Transmission Rates
Nyquist - Communications, Sampling Theory
Johnson - Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise)
Potocnik - Geostationary Satellites
1929 Zworykin - Television Picture Tube
Hubble - Big Bang, Expanding Universe, Hubble's Law
1930 Butler, Volmer - Battery Kinetic Electrochemistry
Gusseff, Lazarenko - Electro-chemical Machining, Electro-discharge Machining
Lilienfeld - Electrolytic Capacitors
Whittle - Jet Engine
1931 Carothers - Neoprene, Nylon
Fischar - Metal Detector
Drumm - Traction Battery
de Bellescise - Phase Locked Loop (PLL), Radio Tuning Circuits, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)
Blumlein - Stereo Sound
1932 Knoll, Ruska - Transmission Electron Microscope
Bacon - Alkaline Fuel Cell
Cockcroft, Walton - Proton Accelerator, Split the Atom, E = mc2 Verification
Chadwick - Neutron
Szilard - Chain Reaction, Critical Mass, Atom Bomb
Anderson - Positron, Elementary Particles
Heise, Schumacher - Zinc Air Battery
Schlecht, Ackermann - Sintered Pole Plates
Nyquist - Feedback Control Theory, Stability Control
Kleist, Slayter - Fibreglass
1933 Dassler - Recombinant Batteries
Meissner, Ochsenfeld - Superconductor Magnetic Properties
First Injection Moulded Polystyrene Products
Gibson, Fawcett - Polyethylene
Armstrong- Frequency Modulation (FM)
Franz - Flexible Printed Circuits
1934 Sonneberg - Gelled Cell Lead Acid Batteries
Chauvin Arnoux - Current Measuring Clamp
1935 Watson-Watt - Radar
Heil - Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor (IGFET), Klystron, Air Motion Transformer
1930's Ampoule Batteries
1936 Ellis - Polyester Resin
1937 Shannon - Information Theory, Digital Technology, Logical Operations
Reeves - Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Digital Circuits
Dippy - Radio Navigation
Sargrove - Printed Circuits
1938 Bode - Control System Stability
Gross - Walkie-Talkie, Mobile Radio
Meitner, Hahn, Strassmann - Nuclear Fission, Splitting the Atom
Plunkett - PTFE
UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Sola - Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Schottky - Schottky Diode, Semiconductor Theory
Zuse - Programmable Digital Computer, High Level Language
1939 I.G. Farbenindustrie - Epoxy Resin, Composites
Bethe - Explanation of Sun's Source of Energy
UK - Electricity Market Penetration
1940 Randall, Boot - Cavity Magnetron
Frisch, Peierls - Atomic Bomb
Tizard - Technology Transfer UK-US
Loomis, Pierce, Dippy - LORAN
1941 André - Silver Oxide Zinc Battery
Ohl - P-N Junction, Semiconductors, Silicon Solar Cell
Adams - Water Activated Battery
Ransburg - Electrostatic Paint Spraying
Centralab - Thick Film Circuits
1942 Fermi - Nuclear Chain Reaction
Coover - Superglue
Hanford, Holmes - Polyurethane
Hedy Lamarr, Antheil - Frequency Hopping Secure Communications, Spread Spectrum, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
1943 Eisler - Printed Circuit Board
1944 Ruben, Mallory - Mercuric Oxide Batteries
Brenner, Riddel, Pessel - Electroless Plating
1945 Clarke - Geostationary Communications Satellites
Ragazzini, Philbrick - Operational Amplifier, Analogue Circuits
Bush - Memex (Hypertext)
1946 Bloch, Purcell - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spencer - Microwave Oven
Philips - Ceramic Magnets
1947 Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley - Transistor
Young, Ring - Cellular Communications
Neumann - Battery Seals
Piezoelectric Ceramic Gramophone Needle
Gabor - Holography
Parsons - Numerically Controlled Machine Tools
1948 Bell Labs - Transistor Announcement
Mataré, Welker - Transistron, The French Transistor
Teal, Little - Single Crystal Growth
Teal, Sparks - Grown Junction Transistor
Teal, Buehler - Silicon Crystal Growth, Silicon Diodes
Shannon - Mathematical Theory of Communications, Information Entropy, Sampling Theory, Channel Capacity Tradeoffs
Laithwaite - Linear Motor, Magnetic Levitation, Maglev Trains
1949 Woodland, Silver - Bar Code System
Forrester - Magnetic Core Random Access Memory (RAM)
Danko, Abramson - Dip Soldering
1950 Shockley - Electrons and Holes
Shockley - Four Layer Diode, Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Nishizawa - PIN Diode
Oerlikon - Flywheel Battery
Dreyer - LCD Polarisers
Deming - Total Quality Management, TQM
Martin - Gas Chromatography
1951 Wilkes, Wheeler & Gill - Assembly Language Programming
Hopper - Compiler
Saby - Alloy Junction Transistor
Thornton - Transistor Jet Etching Technique, Surface Barrier Transistor
Ford - Automatic Assembly, Production Automation
Ohmart - Nuclear Batteries, Direct Energy Conversion
Nuclear Power Plants
Sakharov, Tamm - Tokamak, Thermonuclear Fusion
1952 Lip - Electric Watch
Transistor Production
Pfann - Zone Refining
Theuerer - Float Zone Refining
Zener - Zener Diode
Fuller - Semiconductor Diffusion Doping
Welker - Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Dummer - Integrated Circuit
Oatley - Scanning Electron Microscope
Eccles, Hodgkin, Huxley - Nerve Impulse Transmission
1953 Microtone, Maico, Unex, Radioear - Transistor Hearing Aid with Button Cell
Mataré, Welker - Transistor Radio
Kay - Digital Voltmeter (DVM)
Fox - Polycarbonate
1954 Borg-Warner - ABS Polymers
McIntire - Styrofoam
Shockley, Ohl - Ion Implantation
Lee - Diffused Base Germanium Mesa Transistor
Chapin, Fuller, Pearson - Silicon Solar Cell
Tanenbaum - Diffused Base Silicon Mesa Transistor
Adcock, Teal - Silicon Transistor
Koch - Transistor Radio
Backus - Fortran
Teal - Silicon Transistors
Devol, Engleberger - Industrial Robots
1955 Grubb - Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Johnson - Computer Hard Disk
USS Nautilus - Nuclear Powered Submarine
Polley - Wireless TV Remote Control
Wang - Magnetic Core Computer Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM)
Kapany - Fibre Optics
Uhlir, Bakanowski - Varactor Diode or Varicap
Shockley - Four Layer Diode, Shockley Diode
Lawson - Conditions for Nuclear Fusion
1956 Hall, Gutzwiller - Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR), Thyristor
1957 Korolev - Sputnik 1, Artificial Earth Satellite
Esaki - Tunnel Diode, Negative Resistance, Electron Tunneling
Bardeen, Cooper, Schreiffer - BCS Theory, Superconductivity
Kouwenhoven - Defibrillator
Hamilton Watch - Electric Watches
Jache - Gel VRLA battery
Hanratty - Numerical Control, CAD/CAM
Frosch, Derrick - Silicon Dioxide Masking
Andrus, Bond - Photolithography
Bemer - Computer Time-Sharing
1958 Niedrach - PEM Fuel Cells, Gemini Spacecraft
Hoerni - Transistors, Planar Process
Lehovec - Integrated Circuit, Dielectric Isolation
Kilby, Noyce - Integrated Circuits
Schawlow, Townes, Gould - Laser
1959 Urry - Alkaline Primary Battery
Ihrig - Fuel Cell Powered Vehicle
Feynman - Nanotechnology
1960 Maiman - Laser
Kahng, Atalla - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
Sah - MOSFET
Hofstein, Heiman - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Integrated Circuit, MOS IC
Loor, Christensen, Kleimack, Theurer, Ross - Epitaxial Deposition
Cho, Arthur - Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
Greatbatch - Heart Pacemaker, Lithium Primary Battery
Sutherland - Sketchpad, CAD
Getting, Parkinson, Easton - Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Navigation System
1960's Zinc Air Button Cells
Bacon - Alkaline Fuel Cells, Apollo Spacecraft
1961 US Department of Energy - Nuclear Batteries
Riley - Cordless Power Tools
UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Noyce - Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL)
Baker - Diode Transistor Logic (DTL)
Buie, Longo - Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL)
Aroot - Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
Wanlass, Sah - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
Lin - Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS)
Kalman - Predictive Control Systems
1962 Philbrick - Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)
Widlar, Talbert - Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps), Linear Circuits
Holonyak - Light Emitting Diode
Josephson - Superconducting Materials, Magnetic Field Sensor
Carson - Silent Spring, Environmental Protection
Licklider - "Intergalactic Computer Network" (Internet Concept)
1963 Cormack, Hounsfield - Computerised Axial Tomography, CAT Scanning
Gunn - Gunn Diode
1964 Baran, Davies - Packet Switching, Internet
Geulia - Super Flywheel Battery
Henry-Baudot - Printed Circuit (Pancake) Motor
Bitzer, Slottow, Wilson - Flat Panel Plasma Display
1965 Zadeh - Fuzzy Logic
Russell - Optical Disk System, Compact Disk, CD ROM
Cooley, Tukey - Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Moore - Moore's Law, Integrated Circuits
Johnston, De Loach, Cohen - IMPATT Diode
Nelson - Hypertext
1966 Longo - Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), TTL Memory
Dennard - Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Weber, Kummer - Sodium Sulphur Battery
CODATA - Physical Constants
Kao, Hockham - Fibre Optic Communications
de Gaulle - Rance Tidal Energy Scheme
1967 Gates - Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) Battery
Kahng, Sze - Non-Volatile Memory, Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)
Thornley, Hatzakis - Electron Beam Lithography
Walker, Koford, Jones - Micromosaic, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC's)
Engelbart - Computer Mouse, Graphical User Interface (GUI), Hypertext, Video Conferencing
1968 Heilmeier - Liquid Crystal Display
Knuth - The Art of Programming
1969 Draper, Hall - Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC), Moon Landing
Fergason - Twisted Nematic Field Effect, LCD
Smith, Boyle - Charge Coupled Device
Nakamura - Quartz Wristwatch
Taylor, Roberts - ARPANet
1970 Gray - LCD Materials
Maurer, Keck, Schultz, Zimar - Low Loss Fibre Optic Cable
Regitz, Karp, Hoff, Rowe, Abbott, Vadasz, Reed - Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Chua - Static Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Frohman - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), OTP EPROM
Joel - Cellular Phone Handoff System
1971 Fagin, Hoff, Mazor - Single Chip Microprocessor
Shugart - Computer Floppy Disk System
Engel, Frenkiel, Gladden, Parelman - Cellular Communications System
Sampson - Gamma Electric Cell, Nuclear Battery
Tomlinson - Internet Email
1972 Sodium Sulphur Battery Tested
Richie, Thompson - C Programming Language
Chauvin Arnoux - Digital Multimeter
1973 Cooper - Portable Cell Phone, Cellular Base Station
Cerf, Kahn - TCP/IP Internet Protocol
Projection Printing (Photolithography)
1974 Werbos - Neural Networks
McGinniss, Corry, Proctor - Organic Semiconductors
1970s VRLA Battery Development
1975 Dunlop, Giner, van Ommering, Stockel - Nickel Hydrogen Battery
Roberts - Personal Computer
Gates, Allen - BASIC Interpreter, Microsoft, MS-DOS
1976 Jobs, Wozniak - Apple Computer
Diffie, Hellman - Shared Key Encryption
Rivest, Shamir, Adleman - Public Key Encryption
1977 AT&T and Bell Labs - Cellular Phone System
Heeger, MacDiarmid, Shirakawa - Conducting Polymers
Damadian - Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI Scanning
Birkner, Chua - Programmable Logic Device (PLD)
1978 E.N. Kraftwerk - Compressed Air Energy Storage
Cooper, Littauer - Metal-Air Batteries, Aluminium-Air Batteries
Step and Repeat Photolithography
Breedlove, Wiggins, Frantz - Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Speak and Spell
1979 Goodenough - Lithium Ion Rechargeable Cell
Bricklin - Spreadsheet
1980 UK Atomic Energy Commission - Zebra Battery
AGM Lead Acid Battery
Baliga - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
Mead, Conway - Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits, (VLSI)
1981 Binnig, Rohrer - Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Drexler - Nanotechnology
MacCready - Photovoltaic Powered Airplane
1982 Solar One, Thermal Power Plant
Petersen - MEMS, NEMS, Silicon Machining, Micro-Electromechanical Components
1983 Jobs - Graphical User Interface, (GUI)
1984 Masuoka - Flash Memory, Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)
Freeman - Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
1985 Curl, Kroto, Smalley - Buckminsterfullerenes
Skil - Cordless Power Tool
1980s Sealed VRLA Batteries Commercialised
1986 Ovshinsky - Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
Binnig, Rohrer - Atomic Force Microscope
Hitachi - Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Bednorz, Müller - High Temperature Superconductors
Smith - Six Sigma Quality
Viterbi, Jacobs, Gilhousen - Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Cellular Systems
1987 3D Systems - Stereo Lithography Rapid Prototyping
1988 SCE - 40MWH Lead Acid Load Levelling Battery
Fan, Tai, Muller - Micro-Scale Electrostatic Motor, Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
Fert, Grünberg GMR Giant MagnetoResistance
1989 Pons, Fleischmann - Cold Nuclear Fusion
Brown - Betavoltaic Nuclear Battery
Regenesys - Flow Battery
Bates - Thin Film Battery
Boeing - Stacked Semiconductor Photovoltaic Cell
Berners-Lee - World Wide Web (WWW), HTML, HTTP, URL, Browser
1990 Emtage - Internet Search Engine
Sony - Lithium Secondary Cells Introduction
Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries Commercialisation
1990's New Market Demands
1991 Iijima - Carbon Nanotubes, Buckytubes
Grätzel - Photoelectrochemical Cell
Zimmermann - PGP Public Key Encryption
1992 Kordesch - Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese Battery
1993 Cooper - Zinc Air Batteries, Mechanical Charging
1994 Bellcore - Lithium Polymer Cells
PowerNet - 42 Volt Automotive Battery Standard
1995 Pouch Cell
Duracell, Intel - Smart Battery, SMBus
Energizer - On-Cell Fuel Gauge or Battery Tester
Bayliss - Clockwork Battery
1996 BMW - Flywheel Energy Storage Accident
Patterson - Power Cells
Poehler, Searson - All Plastic Battery
Brauschweig University - Solar Powered Aeroplane
1997 Photovoltaic Modules Production
1998 NGK - 48MWH Sodium Sulphur Load Levelling Battery
CODATA - Readjusts Physical Constants
2000 Mills - Hydrino Hydride Battery
Tripathy - Flexible Polymer Solar Panels
2000's Market Trends
2001 Smalley - Nanowires
2002 Nanomaterials
ORNL - Thin Film Batteries
2003 Teeters, Korzhova, Fisher - Nanobattery
Zettl - Nano-Scale Electrostatic Motor, Nano-Electromechanical Systems(NEMS)
University of San Diego - "Smart Dust", Nano Robots, Nano Batteries
Regenesys - Cancelled
GVEA - 40 Megawatt Battery
Battery Sales Volumes
Partanen - Rechargeable Aluminium Air Battery
2004 Toshiba - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Intel - Itanium 2 Processor
2005 Ki Bang Lee - Urine Battery
Satoh - Organic Radical Battery
Armstrong - Biofuel Cell
van Hoof - Thermo-electric Generator Using Body Heat
2006 Kassakian, Schindall, Signorelli - Enhanced Double Layer Capacitors, Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
2007 Hatazawa, Kano - Sugar Battery (Biofuel Cell)
2008 Johnson - JTEC Battery (Johnson Thermoelectric Energy Conversion) System
2009 Battery Futures
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